# State initialization
if len(state) == 0:
    state['step'] = 0

# Exponential moving average of gradient values
state['exp_avg'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data)
# Exponential moving average of squared gradient values
state['exp_avg_sq'] = torch.zeros_like(p.data)

class AdaBound(Optimizer):
    """AdaBound optimizer.
    Default parameters follow those provided in the original paper.
    # Arguments
        lr: float >= 0. Learning rate.
        final_lr: float >= 0. Final learning rate.
        beta_1: float, 0 < beta < 1. Generally close to 1.
        beta_2: float, 0 < beta < 1. Generally close to 1.
        gamma: float >= 0. Convergence speed of the bound function.
        epsilon: float >= 0. Fuzz factor. If `None`, defaults to `K.epsilon()`.
        decay: float >= 0. Learning rate decay over each update.
        weight_decay: Weight decay weight.
        amsbound: boolean. Whether to apply the AMSBound variant of this
            algorithm.
        tf_cpu_mode: only for tensorflow backend
              0 - default, no changes.
              1 - allows to train x2 bigger network on same VRAM consuming RAM
              2 - allows to train x3 bigger network on same VRAM consuming RAM*2
                  and CPU power.
    # References
        - [Adaptive Gradient Methods with Dynamic Bound of Learning Rate]
          (https://openreview.net/forum?id=Bkg3g2R9FX)
        - [Adam - A Method for Stochastic Optimization]
          (https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980v8)
        - [On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond]
          (https://openreview.net/forum?id=ryQu7f-RZ)
    """

    def __init__(self, lr=0.001, final_lr=0.1, beta_1=0.9, beta_2=0.999, gamma=1e-3,
                 epsilon=None, decay=0., amsbound=False, weight_decay=0.0, tf_cpu_mode=0, **kwargs):
        super(AdaBound, self).__init__(**kwargs)

        if not 0. <= gamma <= 1.:
            raise ValueError("Invalid `gamma` parameter. Must lie in [0, 1] range.")

        with K.name_scope(self.__class__.__name__):
            self.iterations = K.variable(0, dtype='int64', name='iterations')
            self.lr = K.variable(lr, name='lr')
            self.beta_1 = K.variable(beta_1, name='beta_1')
            self.beta_2 = K.variable(beta_2, name='beta_2')
            self.decay = K.variable(decay, name='decay')

        self.final_lr = final_lr
        self.gamma = gamma

        if epsilon is None:
            epsilon = K.epsilon()
        self.epsilon = epsilon
        self.initial_decay = decay
        self.amsbound = amsbound

        self.weight_decay = float(weight_decay)
        self.base_lr = float(lr)
        self.tf_cpu_mode = tf_cpu_mode

    def get_updates(self, loss, params):
        grads = self.get_gradients(loss, params)
        self.updates = [K.update_add(self.iterations, 1)]

        lr = self.lr
        if self.initial_decay > 0:
            lr = lr * (1. / (1. + self.decay * K.cast(self.iterations,
                                                      K.dtype(self.decay))))

        t = K.cast(self.iterations, K.floatx()) + 1

        # Applies bounds on actual learning rate
        step_size = lr * (K.sqrt(1. - K.pow(self.beta_2, t)) /
                          (1. - K.pow(self.beta_1, t)))

        final_lr = self.final_lr * lr / self.base_lr
        lower_bound = final_lr * (1. - 1. / (self.gamma * t + 1.))
        upper_bound = final_lr * (1. + 1. / (self.gamma * t))

        e = K.tf.device("/cpu:0") if self.tf_cpu_mode > 0 else None
        if e: e.__enter__()
        ms = [K.zeros(K.int_shape(p), dtype=K.dtype(p)) for p in params]
        vs = [K.zeros(K.int_shape(p), dtype=K.dtype(p)) for p in params]
        if self.amsbound:
            vhats = [K.zeros(K.int_shape(p), dtype=K.dtype(p)) for p in params]
        else:
            vhats = [K.zeros(1) for _ in params]
        if e: e.__exit__(None, None, None)
        
        self.weights = [self.iterations] + ms + vs + vhats

        for p, g, m, v, vhat in zip(params, grads, ms, vs, vhats):
            # apply weight decay
            if self.weight_decay != 0.:
                g += self.weight_decay * K.stop_gradient(p)

            e = K.tf.device("/cpu:0") if self.tf_cpu_mode == 2 else None
            if e: e.__enter__()                    
            m_t = (self.beta_1 * m) + (1. - self.beta_1) * g
            v_t = (self.beta_2 * v) + (1. - self.beta_2) * K.square(g)
            if self.amsbound:
                vhat_t = K.maximum(vhat, v_t)
                self.updates.append(K.update(vhat, vhat_t))
            if e: e.__exit__(None, None, None)
            
            if self.amsbound:
                denom = (K.sqrt(vhat_t) + self.epsilon)
            else:
                denom = (K.sqrt(v_t) + self.epsilon)                        

            # Compute the bounds
            step_size_p = step_size * K.ones_like(denom)
            step_size_p_bound = step_size_p / denom
            bounded_lr_t = m_t * K.minimum(K.maximum(step_size_p_bound,
                                                     lower_bound), upper_bound)

            p_t = p - bounded_lr_t

            self.updates.append(K.update(m, m_t))
            self.updates.append(K.update(v, v_t))
            new_p = p_t

            # Apply constraints.
            if getattr(p, 'constraint', None) is not None:
                new_p = p.constraint(new_p)

            self.updates.append(K.update(p, new_p))
        return self.updates

    def get_config(self):
        config = {'lr': float(K.get_value(self.lr)),
                  'final_lr': float(self.final_lr),
                  'beta_1': float(K.get_value(self.beta_1)),
                  'beta_2': float(K.get_value(self.beta_2)),
                  'gamma': float(self.gamma),
                  'decay': float(K.get_value(self.decay)),
                  'epsilon': self.epsilon,
                  'weight_decay': self.weight_decay,
                  'amsbound': self.amsbound}
        base_config = super(AdaBound, self).get_config()
        return dict(list(base_config.items()) + list(config.items()))