Not all settings belong in settings.py, as it has some particular
limitations:
- Settings are project-wide. This not only requires apps to clutter up
settings.py, but also increases the chances of naming conflicts.- Settings are constant throughout an instance of Django. They cannot be changed without restarting the application.
- Settings require a programmer in order to be changed. This is true even if the setting has no functional impact on anything else.
Many applications find need to overcome these limitations, and dbsettings
provides a convenient way to do so.
The main goal in using this application is to define a set of placeholders that will be used to represent the settings that are stored in the database. Then, the settings may be edited at run-time using the provided editor, and all Python code in your application that uses the setting will receive the updated value.
| Dbsettings | Python | Django |
|---|---|---|
| ==1.3 | 3.8 - 3.10 | 2.1 - 4.0 |
| 3.6 - 3.7 | 2.1 - 3.2 | |
| 3.5 | 2.1 - 2.2 | |
| ==1.2 | 3.5 | 2.1 - 2.2 |
| 3.6 - 3.8 | 2.1 - 3.2 | |
| 1.0 - 1.1.0 | 3.5 | 2.0 - 2.2 |
| 3.6 - 3.8 | 2.0 - 3.0 | |
| ==0.11 | 3.5 - 3.7 | 1.10 - 2.2 |
| 2.7 | 1.10 - 1.11 | |
| ==0.10 | 3.4 - 3.5 | 1.7 - 1.10 |
| 3.2 - 3.3 | 1.7 - 1.8 | |
| 2.7 | 1.7 - 1.10 | |
| ==0.9 | 3.4 - 3.5 | 1.7 - 1.9 |
| 3.2 - 3.3 | 1.7 - 1.8 | |
| 2.7 | 1.7 - 1.9 | |
| ==0.8 | 3.2 | 1.5 - 1.8 |
| 2.7 | 1.4 - 1.8 | |
| 2.6 | 1.4 - 1.6 | |
| ==0.7 | 3.2 | 1.5 - 1.7 |
| 2.7 | 1.3 - 1.7 | |
| 2.6 | 1.3 - 1.6 | |
| ==0.6 | 3.2 | 1.5 |
| 2.6 - 2.7 | 1.3 - 1.5 | |
| <=0.5 | 2.6 - 2.7 | 1.2* - 1.4 |
* Possibly version below 1.2 will work too, but not tested.
To install the dbsettings package, simply place it anywhere on your
PYTHONPATH.
In order to setup database storage, and to let Django know about your use of
dbsettings, simply add it to your INSTALLED_APPS setting, like so:
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'dbsettings',
...
)
If your Django project utilizes sites framework, all setting would be related
to some site. If sites are not present, settings won't be connected to any site
(and sites framework is no longer required since 0.8.1).
You can force to do (not) use sites via DBSETTINGS_USE_SITES = True / False
configuration variable (put it in project's settings.py).
By default, values stored in database are limited to 255 characters per setting.
You can change this limit with DBSETTINGS_VALUE_LENGTH configuration variable.
If you change this value after migrations were run, you need to manually alter
the dbsettings_setting table schema.
In order to edit your settings at run-time, you'll need to configure a URL to
access the provided editors. You'll just need to add a single line, defining
the base URL for the editors, as dbsettings has its own URLconf to handle
the rest. You may choose any location you like:
urlpatterns = patterns('',
...
(r'^settings/', include('dbsettings.urls')),
...
)
or (django 2):
from django.urls import path, include
urlpatterns = [
...
path('settings/', include('dbsettings.urls')),
...
]
This framework utilizes Django's built-in cache framework, which is used to minimize how often the database needs to be accessed. During development, Django's built-in server runs in a single process, so all cache backends will work just fine.
Most productions environments, including mod_python, FastCGI or WSGI, run multiple
processes, which some backends don't fully support. When using the simple
or locmem backends, updates to your settings won't be reflected immediately
in all workers, causing your application to ignore the new changes.
No other backends exhibit this behavior, but since simple is the default,
make sure to specify a proper backend when moving to a production environment.
Alternatively you can disable caching of settings by setting
DBSETTINGS_USE_CACHE = False in settings.py. Beware though: every
access of any setting will result in database hit.
By default, entries are cached for a time that is default for the cache. You can
override this by providing DBSETTINGS_CACHE_EXPIRATION. Values interpreted
as seconds, 0 means no caching and None means indefinite caching. See more.
These database-backed settings can be applied to any model in any app, or even
in the app itself. All the tools necessary to do so are available within the
dbsettings module. A single import provides everything you'll need:
import dbsettings
Settings are be defined in groups that allow them to be referenced together
under a single attribute. Defining a group uses a declarative syntax similar
to that of models, by declaring a new subclass of the Group class and
populating it with values.
class ImageLimits(dbsettings.Group):
maximum_width = dbsettings.PositiveIntegerValue()
maximum_height = dbsettings.PositiveIntegerValue()
You may name your groups anything you like, and they may be defined in any module. This allows them to be imported from common applications if applicable.
Within your groups, you may define any number of individual settings by simply assigning the value types to appropriate names. The names you assign them to will be the attribute names you'll use to reference the setting later, so be sure to choose names accordingly.
For the editor, the default description of each setting will be retrieved from
the attribute name, similar to how the verbose_name of model fields is
retrieved. Also like model fields, however, an optional argument may be provided
to define a more fitting description. It's recommended to leave the first letter
lower-case, as it will be capitalized as necessary, automatically.
class EmailOptions(dbsettings.Group):
enabled = dbsettings.BooleanValue('whether to send emails or not')
sender = dbsettings.StringValue('address to send emails from')
subject = dbsettings.StringValue(default='SiteMail')
For more descriptive explanation, the help_text argument can be used. It
will be shown in the editor.
The default argument is very useful - it specify an initial value of the
setting.
In addition, settings may be supplied with a list of available options, through
the use of of the choices argument. This works exactly like the choices
argument for model fields, and that of the newforms ChoiceField.
When using choices, a get_FOO_display method is added to settings, for example:
country = dbsettings.StringValue(choices=(("USA", "United States"), ("BR", "Brazil")))
>>> settings.country
"USA"
>>> settings.get_country_display()
"United States"
The widget used for a value can be overriden using the widget keyword. For example:
payment_instructions = dbsettings.StringValue(
help_text="Printed on every invoice.",
default="Payment to Example XYZ\nBank name here\nAccount: 0123456\nSort: 01-02-03",
widget=forms.Textarea
)
A full list of value types is available later in this document, but the process and arguments are the same for each.
Once your settings are defined and grouped properly, they must be assigned to a location where they will be referenced later. This is as simple as instantiating the settings group in the appropriate location. This may be at the module level or within any standard Django model.
Group instance may receive one optional argument: verbose name of the group. This name will be displayed in the editor.
email = EmailOptions()
class Image(models.Model):
image = models.ImageField(upload_to='/upload/path')
caption = models.TextField()
limits = ImageLimits('Dimension settings')
Multiple groups may be assigned to the same module or model, and they can even be combined into a single group by using standard addition syntax:
options = EmailOptions() + ImageLimits()
To separate and tag settings nicely in the editor, use verbose names:
options = EmailOptions('Email') + ImageLimits('Dimesions')
A single model is provided for database storage, and this model must be
installed in your database before you can use the included editors or the
permissions that will be automatically created. This is a simple matter of
running manage.py syncdb or manage.py migrate now that your settings
are configured.
This step need only be repeate when settings are added to a new application, as it will create the appropriate permissions. Once those are in place, new settings may be added to existing applications with no impact on the database.
Once the above steps are completed, you're ready to make use of database-backed settings.
When first defined, your settings will default to None (or False in
the case of BooleanValue), so their values must be set using one of the
supplied editors before they can be considered useful (however, if the setting
had the default argument passed in the constructor, its value is already
useful - equal to the defined default).
The editor will be available at the URL configured earlier.
For example, if you used the prefix of 'settings/', the URL /settings/
will provide an editor of all available settings, while /settings/myapp/
would contain a list of just the settings for myapp.
URL patterns are named: 'site_settings' and 'app_settings', respectively.
The editors are restricted to staff members, and the particular settings that will be available to users is based on permissions that are set for them. This means that superusers will automatically be able to edit all settings, while other staff members will need to have permissions set explicitly.
Once settings have been assigned to an appropriate location, they may be referenced as standard Python attributes. The group becomes an attribute of the location where it was assigned, and the individual values are attributes of the group.
If any settings are referenced without being set to a particular value, they
will default to None (or False in the case of BooleanValue, or
whatever was passed as default). In the
following example, assume that EmailOptions were just added to the project
and the ImageLimits were added earlier and already set via editor.
>>> from myproject.myapp import models # EmailOptions are not defined >>> models.email.enabled False >>> models.email.sender >>> models.email.subject 'SiteMail' # Since default was defined # ImageLimits are defined >>> models.Image.limits.maximum_width 1024 >>> models.Image.limits.maximum_height 768
These settings are accessible from any Python code, making them especially useful in model methods and views. Each time the attribute is accessed, it will retrieve the current value, so your code doesn't need to worry about what happens behind the scenes.
def is_valid(self):
if self.width > Image.limits.maximum_width:
return False
if self.height > Image.limits.maximum_height:
return False
return True
As mentioned, views can make use of these settings as well.
from myproject.myapp.models import email
def submit(request):
...
# Deal with a form submission
...
if email.enabled:
from django.core.mail import send_mail
send_mail(email.subject, 'message', email.sender, [request.user.email])
Settings can be not only read, but also written. The admin editor is more user-friendly, but in case code need to change something:
from myproject.myapp.models import Image
def low_disk_space():
Image.limits.maximum_width = Image.limits.maximum_height = 200
Every write is immediately commited to the database and proper cache key is deleted.
Since settings aren't related to individual model instances, any settings that
are set on models may only be accessed by the model class itself. Attempting to
access settings on an instance will raise an AttributeError.
A signal is sent whenever a setting changes. You can receive it by doing
something like this in your appconfig's ready() method:
from dbsettings.loading import get_setting
from dbsettings.signals import setting_changed
setting_changed.connect(my_function, sender=get_setting('myapp', 'MyClass', 'myattr'))
my_function will be called with a sender and value parameters, the latter containing a new value assigned to the setting.
There are several various value types available for database-backed settings. Select the one most appropriate for each individual setting, but all types use the same set of arguments.
Presents a checkbox in the editor, and returns True or False in Python.
Presents a set of inputs suitable for specifying a length of time. This is
represented in Python as a timedelta object.
Presents a standard input field, which becomes a float in Python.
Presents a standard input field, which becomes an int in Python.
Similar to IntegerValue, but with a limit requiring that the value be
between 0 and 100. In addition, when accessed in Python, the value will be
divided by 100, so that it is immediately suitable for calculations.
For instance, if a myapp.taxes.sales_tax was set to 5 in the editor,
the following calculation would be valid:
>>> 5.00 * myapp.taxes.sales_tax 0.25
Similar to IntegerValue, but limited to positive values and 0.
Presents a standard input, accepting any text string up to 255
(or DBSETTINGS_VALUE_LENGTH) characters. In
Python, the value is accessed as a standard string.
Presents a standard input field, which becomes a datetime in Python.
User input will be parsed according to DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS setting.
In code, one can assign to field string or datetime object:
# These two statements has the same effect myapp.Feed.next_feed = '2012-06-01 00:00:00' myapp.Feed.next_feed = datetime.datetime(2012, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0)
Presents a standard input field, which becomes a date in Python.
User input will be parsed according to DATE_INPUT_FORMATS setting.
See DateTimeValue for the remark about assigning.
Presents a standard input field, which becomes a time in Python.
User input will be parsed according to TIME_INPUT_FORMATS setting.
See DateTimeValue for the remark about assigning.
(requires PIL or Pillow imaging library to work)
Allows to upload image and view its preview.
ImageValue has optional keyword arguments:
upload_tospecifies path (relative toMEDIA_ROOT), where uploaded images will be stored. If argument is not present, files will be saved directly underMEDIA_ROOT.delete_old(default to True) controls whether to delete the old file when the value has changed
In Python, the value is accessed as a standard string (file name, relative to
MEDIA_ROOT).
Presents a standard password input. Retain old setting value if not changed.
Distributed applications often have need for certain default settings that are useful for the common case, but which may be changed to suit individual installations. For such cases, a utility is provided to enable applications to set any applicable defaults.
Living at dbsettings.utils.set_defaults, this utility is designed to be used
within the app's management.py. This way, when the application is installed
using syncdb/migrate, the default settings will also be installed to the database.
The function requires a single positional argument, which is the models
module for the application. Any additional arguments must represent the actual
settings that will be installed. Each argument is a 3-tuple, of the following
format: (class_name, setting_name, value).
If the value is intended for a module-level setting, simply set class_name
to an empty string. The value for setting_name should be the name given to
the setting itself, while the name assigned to the group isn't supplied, as it
isn't used for storing the value.
For example, the following code in management.py would set defaults for
some of the settings provided earlier in this document:
from django.conf import settings
from dbsettings.utils import set_defaults
from myproject.myapp import models as myapp
set_defaults(myapp,
('', 'enabled', True)
('', 'sender', settings.ADMINS[0][1]) # Email of the first listed admin
('Image', 'maximum_width', 800)
('Image', 'maximum_height', 600)
)
- 1.3.0 (19/02/2022)
- Added compatibility with Django 4.0 (thanks nerdoc)
- Fixed misleading message (about permissions) in the editor if no settings were defined
- Fixed bug with app-level settings not present in the editor if
verbose_namewas not set
- 1.2.0 (16/12/2021)
- Fixed exception handling in cache operation and added DBSETTINGS_CACHE_EXPIRATION (thanks AminHP)
- Added
get_FOO_displaymethod for fields which havechoices(thanks paulogiacomelli) - Use Django storage framework for ImageValue instead of manual filesystem handling (thanks j0nm1)
- Dropped compatibility with Django 2.0
- 1.1.0 (21/03/2020)
- Fixed image widget in Django 2.1
- Added
delete_oldparameter to ImageValue - Make
upload_toparameter to ImageValue no longer required. - Fix PasswordValue to not render widget as required.
- 1.0.1 (26/12/2019)
- Introduced a signal setting_changed
- Added compatibility with Django 3.0
- Dropped compatibility with Django 1.10, 1.11
- Dropped compatibility with Python 2
- 0.11.0 (31/07/2019)
- Added compatibility with Django 1.11, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2
- Dropped compatibility with Django 1.7, 1.8, 1.9
- 0.10.0 (25/09/2016)
- Added compatibility with Django 1.10
- 0.9.3 (02/06/2016)
- Fixed (hopefully for good) problem with ImageValue in Python 3 (thanks rolexCoder)
- 0.9.2 (01/05/2016)
- Fixed bug when saving non-required settings
- Fixed problem with ImageValue in Python 3 (thanks rolexCoder)
- 0.9.1 (10/01/2016)
- Fixed Sites app being optional (thanks rolexCoder)
- 0.9.0 (25/12/2015)
- Added compatibility with Django 1.9 (thanks Alonso)
- Dropped compatibility with Django 1.4, 1.5, 1.6
- 0.8.2 (17/09/2015)
- Added migrations to distro
- Add configuration option to change max length of setting values from 255 to whatever
- Add configuration option to disable caching (thanks nwaxiomatic)
- Fixed PercentValue rendering (thanks last-partizan)
- 0.8.1 (21/06/2015)
- Made
django.contrib.sitesframework dependency optional - Added migration for app
- Made
- 0.8.0 (16/04/2015)
- Switched to using django.utils.six instead of standalone six.
- Added compatibility with Django 1.8
- Dropped compatibility with Django 1.3
- 0.7.4 (24/03/2015)
- Added default values for fields.
- Fixed Python 3.3 compatibility
- Added creation of folders with ImageValue
- 0.7.3, 0.7.2
- pypi problems
- 0.7.1 (11/03/2015)
- Fixed pypi distribution.
- 0.7 (06/07/2014)
- Added PasswordValue
- Added compatibility with Django 1.6 and 1.7.
- 0.6 (16/09/2013)
- Added compatibility with Django 1.5 and python3, dropped support for Django 1.2.
- Fixed permissions: added permission for editing non-model (module-level) settings
- Make PIL/Pillow not required in setup.py
- 0.5 (11/10/2012)
- Fixed error occuring when test are run with
LANGUAGE_CODEdifferent than 'en' - Added verbose_name option for Groups
- Cleaned code
- Fixed error occuring when test are run with
- 0.4.1 (02/10/2012)
- Fixed Image import
- 0.4 (30/09/2012)
- Named urls
- Added polish translation
- 0.3 (04/09/2012)
- Included testrunner in distribution
- 0.2 (05/07/2012)
- Fixed errors appearing when module-level and model-level settings have same attribute names
- Corrected the editor templates admin integration
- Updated README
- 0.1 (29/06/2012)
- Initial PyPI release
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