Promise as a pattern is well known in JS world, but it's not so popular among Android folks, maybe because of the fact that we have very powerful RxJava library.
But what if you need RxJava just for a single value response (Single) such as single network request and couple transformation operation like: flatMap and map. If this is the case then you should consider Promise pattern that works well for single value response.
Wiki defines Promises pattern as:
Promise refer to constructs used for synchronizing program execution in some concurrent programming languages. They describe an object that acts as a proxy for a result that is initially unknown, usually because the computation of its value is yet incomplete.
Technically, it's a wrapper for an async function with result returned via callback. Besides being an async computation wrapper, Promise can also act as continuation monad opening up a new way of solving many problems related to async computations.
This implementation of Promise provides next key-features:
- cold by default, what means until you explicitly subscribe to it via
whenCompletetask won't be executed - cached, once value computed subsequent calls to
whenCompletewill not trigger async computation again. - parameterized with both value and error:
Promise<Int, Error> - implemented as a continuation monad, defines
bindoperator that provides extension point for new custom operators - cancelable,
Promisecan be canceled with triggering action if provided in task declaration viadoOnCancel - very light weight implementation that offers only core functionality but at the same time flexible enough to extend
- synchronization lock free, uses CAS/atomic operations only
As a quick start let's imagine the next scenario, we want to fetch user by id first and then fetch user's repositories. Below example that demonstrates how it can be solved with Promise:
Promise.ofSuccess<Long, IOException>(100)
.then { userId ->
Promise<User, IOException> {
val fetchUser: Call = userService.fetchUserById(userId)
onCancel {
// when Promise.cancel() is called this action will be performed
// to give you a chance cancel task execution and clean up resources
fetchUser.cancel()
}
fetchUser.enqueue(object : Callback {
override fun onFailure(e: IOException) {
// notify promise about error
reject(e)
}
override fun onResponse(response: User) {
// notify promise about success
resolve(response)
}
})
}
}.then { user ->
// chain another promise that will be executed when previous one
// resolved with success
Promise<List<Repo>, IOException> {
val fetchUserRepositories: Call = repoService.fetchUserRepositories(user.id)
onCancel {
// when Promise.cancel() is called this action will be performed
// to give you a chance cancel task execution and clean up resources
// any chained promises will get a chance to cancel their task
// if they alread started execution
fetchUserRepositories.cancel()
}
fetchUserRepositories.enqueue(object : Callback {
override fun onFailure(e: IOException) {
// notify promise about error
reject(e)
}
override fun onResponse(response: List<Repo>) {
// notify promise about success
resolve(response)
}
})
}.map {
// chain implicitly new promise with transformation function
repositories -> user to repositories
}
}.whenComplete {
// subscribe to pipeline of chained promises
// this call will kick-off promise execution
when (it) {
is Promise.Result.Success -> println("User: ${it.value.first} repositories: ${it.value.second}")
is Promise.Result.Error -> println("Yay, error: ${it.error.message}")
}
}Promise is super easy to use, you should treat them as a task that suppose to be executed sometime in the future but it won't be started unless you subscribe and it promises either be successfully resolved or failed.
There are 2 ways to create a Promise, provide a task that will do some job:
Promise<User, RuntimeException> {
val fetchUserRequest = ...;
onCancel {
// will be called if promise has been canceled
// it is task responsibility to terminate any internal long running jobs
// and clean up resources here
fetchUserRequest.cancel()
}
// do some real job
val user = fetchUserRequest.execute();
// notify about success
resolve(user)
//or report error
//reject(RuntimeException("Failed"))
}we just created a Promise with success result type User and error result type RuntimeException. This promise will perform some task to fetch user in some future and notify about result via onSuccess(user) or if task failed onError(RuntimeException("Failed")). Additionally task can register an action to terminate long running job, clean up resources, etc. and it will be called when this Promise is canceled. Keep in mind that this is a cold Promise and it won't start executing task until we explicitly subscribe to it.
The second way to create a Promise is wrapping existing result into promise:
val promise1 = Promise.of("Boom!")
val promise2 = Promise.ofSuccess<String, RuntimeException>("Kaboom!")
val promise3 = Promise.ofError<String, IOException>(IOException("Smth wrong today"))promise1 will be resolved with success result value Boom1, promise2 will be resolved with success result value Kaboom!. The difference between these two promises is in types: promise1 has type Promise<String, Nothing> that means this promise doesn't know what type of error the result pipeline will be, while promise2 declare that any next chained promise should propagate RuntimeException.
The last promise3 resolved with error result IOException("Smth wrong today").
To start promise task execution you have to subscribe to it:
Promise<String, RuntimeException> {
val call = null
onCancel {
call.cancel()
}
val result = try {
call.execute() // long running job
} catch (e: Exception) {
reject(RuntimeException(e))
return@Promise
}
resolve(result)
}.whenComplete { result:
when (it) {
is Promise.Result.Success -> println("We did it: ${it.value}")
is Promise.Result.Error -> println("Yay, error: ${it.error.message}")
}
}You can call as many whenComplete on the same promise as you want, all will be notified about the promise result but task will be executed only once.
Now the best part, you can build a chain or pipeline of promises by using: then, map, errorThen, mapError:
Promise.ofSuccess<Long, IOException>(100)
.then { userId ->
Promise<User, IOException> {
val fetchUser: Call = userService.fetchUserById(userId)
onCancel {
// when Promise.cancel() is called this action will be performed
// to give you a chance cancel task execution and clean up resources
fetchUser.cancel()
}
fetchUser.enqueue(object : Callback {
override fun onFailure(e: IOException) {
// notify promise about error
reject(e)
}
override fun onResponse(response: User) {
// notify promise about success
resolve(response)
}
})
}
}.then { user ->
// chain another promise that will be executed when previous one
// resolved with success
Promise<List<Repo>, IOException> {
val fetchUserRepositories: Call = repoService.fetchUserRepositories(user.id)
onCancel {
// when Promise.cancel() is called this action will be performed
// to give you a chance cancel task execution and clean up resources
// any chained promises will get a chance to cancel their task
// if they alread started execution
fetchUserRepositories.cancel()
}
fetchUserRepositories.enqueue(object : Callback {
override fun onFailure(e: IOException) {
// notify promise about error
reject(e)
}
override fun onResponse(response: List<Repo>) {
// notify promise about success
resolve(response)
}
})
}.map {
// chain implicitly new promise with transformation function
repositories -> user to repositories
}
}Even though it is up to promise task to decide what thread to use for job execution and notify about result, but sometimes as a consumer you need a way to specify explicitly the thread on which you want receive the result:
val mainThreadExecutor: Executor = ...;
Promise<User, IOException> {
//do some job
}
.completeOn(mainThreadExecutor)
.whenComplete { result: Promise.Result<User, RuntimeException> ->
when (result) {
is Promise.Result.Success -> println("User : ${result.value}")
is Promise.Result.Error -> println("Yay, error: ${result.error.message}")
}
}Now the result will be delivered on mainThreadExecutor.
You probably will ask what if I need to be notified on main Android thread, you can easily extend existing functionality by:
fun <T, E> Promise<T, E>.completeOn(handler: Handler): Promise<T, E> {
return bind { result ->
Promise<T, E> {
val canceled = AtomicBoolean()
onCancel {
canceled.set(true)
}
handler.post {
if (!canceled.get()) {
when (result) {
is Promise.Result.Success -> onSuccess(result.value)
is Promise.Result.Error -> onError(result.error)
}
}
}
}
}
}This a good example of using bind operation to extend and bring your custom behaviour for this micro-framework.
You can even specify on what thread Promise job should be started:
Promise<User, IOException> {
//do some job
}
.startOn(Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor())
.whenComplete { result: Promise.Result<User, RuntimeException> ->
when (result) {
is Promise.Result.Success -> println("User : ${result.value}")
is Promise.Result.Error -> println("Yay, error: ${result.error.message}")
}
}Now the job inside promise will be started with the executor we just provided.
There are circunstances where you would like to handle a cluster of promises. Promise.all() receive as argument a collection of promises, it will return on success an array of results and on failure will return the first rejected value (indicated on that promise).
Let's imagine we have a list of users ids and we want to know the latest activity for each user.
val ids = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
val promises : mutableListOf(Promises<List<UserActivity>, IOException>)
ids.map{
val promise = Promise<List<UserActivity>, IOException> {
//Remember to handle cancel
try {
//it is our user id
val lastActivity = fetchLatestActivity(it).execute()
resolve(lastActivity)
} catch (e : IOException) {
reject(e)
}
}
promises.add(promise)
}
//After ids iteration we have a list of promises, we have to susbcribe now
Promise.all(promises).whenComplete {
//You can use reserved word it, this is for clarification
result: Promise.Result<Array<List<UserActivity>>, Int>
when (result) {
is Promise.Result.Success<Array<List<UserActivity>>, Int> -> {
//Every promise success value was a list, we have an array of lists
val arrayOfLists : <Array<List<UserActivity>> = result.value
//You now can iterate, save it to the database
}
is Promise.Result.Error<Array<List<UserActivity>>, Int> -> {
//This is the error of the first promise to fail
Log.d("SHOPIFY_PROMISE", "request fail", result.error)
}
}
}
implementation 'com.shopify.promises:promises:0.0.9'
Version 0.0.9 and beyond are available through Maven Central. Previous versions remain available through JCenter.
Additionally this micro-framework provides next util functions:
Promise#cancel()signals promise to cancel task execution if it hasn't been completed yetPromise#onResolve(block: (T) -> Unit),Promise#onReject(block: (E) -> Unit)like in Rx it allows to register some action to be performed when this promise resolved with success or failurePromise#onStart(block: () -> Unit)allows to register some action to be performed before promise task execution, useful when some initialization is requiredPromise.Companion#all(promises: Sequence<Promise>)creates aPromisethat will wait until all provided promises are successfully resolved or one of them failsPromise.Companion#any(promises: Sequence<Promise>)creates aPromisethat will be resolved as soon as the first of the provided promises resolved or failed
We welcome contributions. Please follow the steps in our contributing guidelines.
Promise-Kotlin is distributed under MIT license MIT License.
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