*.lower()-lowercase all

*.upper()-uppercase all

*{:.2f}- format specifier in fstring than has accuracy of 2 decimal points

*.format()-to format strings

"".join(list)- prints a list as a string. list elements must be a string. so if not convert each to string first using str(i) for i in list for eg

you can concatenate lists using + operator .

empty_string = ""

empty_dict = {}

empty_set = set()

empty_tuple = ()

*if:
....
elif:
.....
else:
.....

*print(" ")-print single line to display

*print(''' ...... ''')-multiline print to display

*input("display statement")- get input

*int()-typecast int

*float()-typecast float

*str()-typecast str

*len()- returns the size of a list

*.extend("data")- adds the elements mentioned to the end of the list

*append()-appends or attaches at the end of the list

$-$-$-import random-$-$-$

random.randint(int a, int b)-produces random number between a and b provided a < b

random.random(0.000,0.9999)- for float random numbers . you mulitply by the range i.e for 1-5 float number randomvariable*5

random.choice(list)- will pick a random element from the list

random.sample(list, number of elements in new list)-creates a new list and with shuffled elements

random.shuffle(list)-shuffles the list in place i.e. original list is overwritten by new list