• docker ps -a ← show even stopped containers
• docker images -a ← show even unused images

• docker build -t abc . ← build a container in a current directory
  • docker build -f docker/base/Dockerfile -t abc . ← build a Docker image from another path
  • docker build -f docker/def/Dockerfile --build-arg BASE_IMAGE=abc -t def ← pass a build argument
• docker run -it abc bash ← run Docker image in an interactive bash shell
  • docker run --name xyz -it abc bash ← give it a name
• docker exec -it xyz bash ← get into a running container (first make sure to docker start xyz if stopped)

• docker run --name xyz -v $(pwd):/app -it abc bash ← mount current directory to a container and run it
  • you'll be able able to access your local folder in the /app folder of the Docker image
  • ⚠ if you're using a terminal on Windows, make sure to replace $(pwd) (see more info in a section below)

1. docker pull python:3.8 ← pull the latest Python image from DockerHub
2. cd <project_directory> ← move into the chosen project directory
3. docker run --name xyz -v $(pwd):/app -it python:3.8 bash ← run a container named "xyz" while mounting the current directory. NOTE: These steps were executed on a macOS device. Mounting files within a docker container on a Linux machine may modify the file owner. You could try mitigating it with the suggested workarounds here or here.

• docker run -it --rm -p 8080:80 abc ← expose port 8080 (inside container) to port 80 (on the host), and automatically remove the container after exiting
• docker run -d -p 8080:80 abc ← run in a detached mode (detach from the container and return to the terminal prompt)

• [CTRL] + [D] or exit ← exit and stop the container
• [CTRL] + [P] + [Q] ← exit without stopping the container

• docker system prune -a --volumes ← remove all (stopped containers, unused images, volumes)
• docker stop $(docker ps -a -q) ← stop all running containers
  • docker stop <container_id> ← stop a running container
• docker rm $(docker ps -a -q) ← remove all stopped containers
  • docker rm -f <id/name> ← remove a container forcefully
• docker rmi $(docker images -q) ← remove all images
  • docker rmi -f <image_id> ← remove image by its ID forcefully
  • docker image rm -f <name> ← remove image by its name
• docker volume rm $(docker volume ls -q) ← remove all volumes

• cmd.exe
  • replace $(pwd) with %cd%
  • replace any newline characters \ with ^. If you're using bash -c "…", then add ^ and make a newline before the first "
• PowerShell
  • replace $(pwd) with ${pwd}
  • replace any newline characters \ with ` (but not the ones within bash -c "…")
• Git Bash
  • replace $(pwd) with /$(pwd)
  • you may need to precede the command with winpty (at least not in the VS Code terminal)
  • it's safer to use bash instead of /bin/sh
  • if you're specifying a working directory, instead of -w /app use -w "//app"

You can find all the commands in the official Docker CLI Reference.