While dependency injection is easy to do in Python due to its support for keyword arguments, the ease with which objects can be mocked and its dynamic nature, a framework for assisting in this process can remove a lot of boiler-plate from larger applications. That's where Injector can help. It automatically and transitively provides dependencies for you. As an added benefit, Injector encourages nicely compartmentalised code through the use of modules.
If you're not sure what dependency injection is or you'd like to learn more about it see:
- The Clean Code Talks - Don't Look For Things! (a talk by Miško Hevery)
- Inversion of Control Containers and the Dependency Injection pattern (an article by Martin Fowler)
The core values of Injector are:
-
Simplicity - while being inspired by Guice, Injector does not slavishly replicate its API. Providing a Pythonic API trumps faithfulness. Additionally some features are omitted because supporting them would be cumbersome and introduce a little bit too much "magic" (member injection, method injection).
Connected to this, Injector tries to be as nonintrusive as possible. For example while you may declare a class' constructor to expect some injectable parameters, the class' constructor remains a standard constructor – you may instantiate the class just the same manually, if you want.
-
No global state – you can have as many Injector instances as you like, each with a different configuration and each with different objects in different scopes. Code like this won't work for this very reason:
class MyClass: @inject def __init__(t: SomeType): # ... MyClass()
This is simply because there's no global
Injectorto use. You need to be explicit and use Injector.get, Injector.create_object or injectMyClassinto the place that needs it. -
Cooperation with static type checking infrastructure – the API provides as much static type safety as possible and only breaks it where there's no other option. For example the Injector.get method is typed such that
injector.get(SomeType)is statically declared to return an instance ofSomeType, therefore making it possible for tools such as mypy to type-check correctly the code using it. -
The client code only knows about dependency injection to the extent it needs –
inject,InjectandNoInjectare simple markers that don't really do anything on their own and your code can run just fine without Injector orchestrating things.
-
GitHub (code repository, issues): https://github.com/alecthomas/injector
-
PyPI (installable, stable distributions): https://pypi.org/project/injector/. You can install it using pip:
pip install injector
-
Documentation: https://injector.readthedocs.org
-
Change log: https://injector.readthedocs.io/en/latest/changelog.html
Injector works with CPython 3.8+ and PyPy 3 implementing Python 3.8+.
>>> from injector import Injector, inject
>>> class Inner:
... def __init__(self):
... self.forty_two = 42
...
>>> class Outer:
... @inject
... def __init__(self, inner: Inner):
... self.inner = inner
...
>>> injector = Injector()
>>> outer = injector.get(Outer)
>>> outer.inner.forty_two
42Or with dataclasses if you like:
from dataclasses import dataclass
from injector import Injector, inject
class Inner:
def __init__(self):
self.forty_two = 42
@inject
@dataclass
class Outer:
inner: Inner
injector = Injector()
outer = injector.get(Outer)
print(outer.inner.forty_two) # Prints 42Here's a full example to give you a taste of how Injector works:
>>> from injector import Module, provider, Injector, inject, singletonWe'll use an in-memory SQLite database for our example:
>>> import sqlite3And make up an imaginary RequestHandler class that uses the SQLite connection:
>>> class RequestHandler:
... @inject
... def __init__(self, db: sqlite3.Connection):
... self._db = db
...
... def get(self):
... cursor = self._db.cursor()
... cursor.execute('SELECT key, value FROM data ORDER by key')
... return cursor.fetchall()Next, for the sake of the example, we'll create a configuration type:
>>> class Configuration:
... def __init__(self, connection_string):
... self.connection_string = connection_stringNext, we bind the configuration to the injector, using a module:
>>> def configure_for_testing(binder):
... configuration = Configuration(':memory:')
... binder.bind(Configuration, to=configuration, scope=singleton)Next we create a module that initialises the DB. It depends on the configuration provided by the above module to create a new DB connection, then populates it with some dummy data, and provides a Connection object:
>>> class DatabaseModule(Module):
... @singleton
... @provider
... def provide_sqlite_connection(self, configuration: Configuration) -> sqlite3.Connection:
... conn = sqlite3.connect(configuration.connection_string)
... cursor = conn.cursor()
... cursor.execute('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS data (key PRIMARY KEY, value)')
... cursor.execute('INSERT OR REPLACE INTO data VALUES ("hello", "world")')
... return conn(Note how we have decoupled configuration from our database initialisation code.)
Finally, we initialise an Injector and use it to instantiate a RequestHandler instance. This first transitively constructs a sqlite3.Connection object, and the Configuration dictionary that it in turn requires, then instantiates our RequestHandler:
>>> injector = Injector([configure_for_testing, DatabaseModule()])
>>> handler = injector.get(RequestHandler)
>>> tuple(map(str, handler.get()[0])) # py3/py2 compatibility hack
('hello', 'world')We can also verify that our Configuration and SQLite connections are indeed singletons within the Injector:
>>> injector.get(Configuration) is injector.get(Configuration)
True
>>> injector.get(sqlite3.Connection) is injector.get(sqlite3.Connection)
TrueYou're probably thinking something like: "this is a large amount of work just to give me a database connection", and you are correct; dependency injection is typically not that useful for smaller projects. It comes into its own on large projects where the up-front effort pays for itself in two ways:
- Forces decoupling. In our example, this is illustrated by decoupling our configuration and database configuration.
- After a type is configured, it can be injected anywhere with no additional effort. Simply
@injectand it appears. We don't really illustrate that here, but you can imagine adding an arbitrary number ofRequestHandlersubclasses, all of which will automatically have a DB connection provided.
This framework is similar to snake-guice, but aims for simplification.
© Copyright 2010-2013 to Alec Thomas, under the BSD license
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