CAF (/ˈkahf/) is a wrapper for function* generators that treats them like async functions, but with support for external cancellation via tokens. In this way, you can express flows of synchronous-looking asynchronous logic that are still cancelable (Cancelable Async Flows).

This utility uses ES6 (aka ES2015) features. If you need to support environments prior to ES6, transpile it first (with Babel, etc).

CAF (Cancelable Async Flows) wraps a function* generator so it looks and behaves like an async function, but that can be externally canceled using a cancellation token:

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

// wrap a generator to make it look like a normal async
// function that when called, returns a promise.
var main = CAF( function *main(signal,url){
    var resp = yield ajax( url );

    // want to be able to cancel so we never get here?!?
    console.log( resp );
    return resp;
} );

// run the wrapped async-looking function, listen to its
// returned promise
main( token.signal, "http://some.tld/other" )
.then( onResponse, onCancelOrError );

// only wait 5 seconds for the ajax request!
setTimeout( function onElapsed(){
    token.abort( "Request took too long!" );
}, 5000 );

Create a cancellation token (via new CAF.cancelToken()) to pass into your wrapped function* generator, and then if you cancel the token, the function* generator will abort itself immediately, even if it's presently waiting on a promise to resolve.

The generator receives the cancellation token's signal, so from inside it you can call another function* generator via CAF and pass along that shared signal. In this way, a single cancellation signal can cascade across and cancel all the CAF-wrapped functions in a chain of execution:

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

var one = CAF( function *one(signal,v){
    return yield two( signal, v );
} );

var two = CAF( function *two(signal,v){
    return yield three( signal, v );
} );

var three = CAF( function *three(signal,v){
    return yield ajax( `http://some.tld/?v=${v}` );
} );

one( token.signal, 42 );

// only wait 5 seconds for the request!
setTimeout( function onElapsed(){
    token.abort( "Request took too long!" );
}, 5000 );

In this snippet, one(..) calls and waits on two(..), two(..) calls and waits on three(..), and three(..) calls and waits on ajax(..). Because the same cancellation token is used for the 3 generators, if token.abort() is executed while they're all still paused, they will all immediately abort.

Note: The cancellation token has no effect on the actual ajax(..) call itself here, since that utility ostensibly doesn't provide cancellation capability; the Ajax request itself would still run to its completion (or error or whatever). We've only canceled the one(..), two(..), and three(..) functions that were waiting to process its response. See AbortController(..) and Manual Cancelation Signal Handling below for addressing this limitation.

Generally speaking, an async function and a function* generator (driven with a generator-runner) look very similar. For that reason, most people just prefer the async function form since it's a little nicer syntax and doesn't require a library for the runner.

However, there are limitations to async functions that come from having the syntax and engine make implicit assumptions that otherwise would have been handled by a function* generator runner.

One unfortunate limitation is that an async function cannot be externally canceled once it starts running. If you want to be able to cancel it, you have to intrusively modify its definition to have it consult an external value source -- like a boolean or promise -- at each line that you care about being a potential cancellation point. This is ugly and error-prone.

function* generators by contrast can be aborted at any time, using the iterator's return(..) method and/or by just not resuming the generator iterator instance with next(). But the downside of using function* generators is either needing a runner utility or the repetitive boilerplate of handling the iterator manually.

CAF provides a useful compromise: a function* generator that can be called like a normal async function, but which supports a cancellation token.

The CAF(..) utility wraps a function* generator with a normal promise-returing function, just as if it was an async function. Other than minor syntactic aesthetics, the major observable difference is that a CAF-wrapped function must be provided a cancellation token's signal as its first argument, with any other arguments passed subsequent, as desired.

In the following snippet, the two functions are essentially equivalent; one(..) is an actual async function, whereas two(..) is a wrapper around a generator, but will behave like an async function in that it also returns a promise:

async function one(v) {
    await delay( 100 );
    return v * 2;
}

var two = CAF( function *two(signal,v){
    yield delay( 100 );
    return v * 2;
} );

Both one(..) and two(..) can be called directly with argument(s), and both return a promise for their completion:

one( 21 )
.then( console.log, console.error );   // 42

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

two( token.signal, 21 )
.then( console.log, console.error );   // 42

If token.abort(..) is executed while two(..) is still running, the signal's promise will be rejected. If you pass a cancellation reason (any value, but typically a string) to token.abort(..), that will be the promise rejection reason:

two( token, 21 )
.then( console.log, console.error );    // Took too long!

token.abort( "Took too long!" );

One of the most common use-cases for cancellation of an async task is because too much time passes and a timeout threshold is passed.

As shown earlier, you can implement that sort of logic with a cancelToken() instance and a manual call to the environment's setTimeout(..). However, there are some subtle but important downsides to doing this kind of thing manually. These downsides are harder to spot in the browser, but are more obvious in Node.js

Consider this code:

function delay(ms) {
    return new Promise( function c(res){
        setTimeout( res, ms );
    } );
}

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

var main = CAF( function *main(signal,ms){
    yield delay( ms );
    console.log( "All done!" );
} );

main( token.signal, 100 );

// only wait 5 seconds for the request!
delay( 5000 ).then( function onElapsed(){
    token.abort( "Request took too long!" );
} );

The main(..) function delays for 100ms and then completes. But there's no logic that clears the timeout set from delay( 5000 ), so it will continue to hold pending until that amount of time expires.

Of course, the token.abort(..) call at that point is moot, and is thus silently ignored. But the problem is the timer still running, which keeps a Node.js process alive even if the rest of the program has completed. The symptoms of this would be running a Node.js program from the command line and observing it "hang" for a bit at the end instead of exiting right away. Try the above code to see this in action.

There's two complications that make avoiding this downside tricky:

1. The delay(..) helper shown, which is a promisified version of setTimeout(..), is basically what you can produce by using Node.js's util.promisify(..) against setTimeout(..). However, that timer itself is not cancelable. You can't access the timer handle (return value from setTimeout(..)) to call clearTimeout(..) on it. So, you can't stop the timer early even if you wanted to.

2. If instead you set up your own timer externally, you need to keep track of the timer's handle so you can call clearTimeout(..) if the async task completes successfully before the timeout expires. This is manual and error-prone, as it's far too easy to forget.

Instead of inventing solutions to these problems, CAF provides two utilities for managing cancelable delays and timeout cancellations: CAF.delay(..) and CAF.timeout(..).

What we need is a promisified setTimeout(..), like delay(..) we saw in the previous section, but that can still be canceled. CAF.delay(..) provides us such functionality:

var discardTimeout = new CAF.cancelToken();

// a promise that waits 5 seconds
CAF.delay( discardTimeout.signal, 5000 )
.then(
    function onElapsed(msg){
        // msg: "delayed: 5000"
    },
    function onInterrupted(reason){
        // reason: "delay (5000) interrupted"
    }
);

As you can see, CAF.delay(..) receives a cancellation token signal to cancel the timeout early when needed. If you need to cancel the timeout early, abort the cancellation token:

discardTimeout.abort();     // cancel the `CAF.delay()` timeout

The promise returned from CAF.delay(..) is fulfilled if the full time amount elapses, with a message such as "delayed: 5000". But if the timeout is aborted via the cancellation token, the promise is rejected with a reason like "delay (5000) interrupted".

Passing the cancellation token to CAF.delay(..) is optional; if omitted, CAF.delay(..) works just like a regular promisified setTimeout(..):

// promise that waits 200 ms
CAF.delay( 200 )
.then( function onElapsed(){
    console.log( "Some time went by!" );
} );

While CAF.delay(..) provides a cancelable timeout promise, it's still overly manual to connect the dots between a CAF-wrapped function and the timeout-abort process. CAF provides CAF.timeout(..) to streamline this common use-case:

var timeoutToken = CAF.timeout( 5000, "Took too long!" );

var main = CAF( function *main(signal,ms){
    yield CAF.delay( signal, ms );
    console.log( "All done!" );
} );

main( timeoutToken, 100 );   // NOTE: pass the whole token, not just the .signal !!

CAF.timeout(..) creates an instance of cancellationToken(..) that's set to abort() after the specified amount of time, optionally using the cancellation reason you provide.

Note that you should pass the full timeoutToken token to the CAF-wrapped function (main(..)), instead of just passing timeoutToken.signal. By doing so, CAF wires the token and the CAF-wrapped function together, so that each one stops the other, whichever one happens first. No more hanging timeouts!

Also note that main(..) still receives just the signal as its first argument, which is suitable to pass along to other cancelable async functions, such as CAF.delay(..) as shown.

timeoutToken is a regular cancellation token as created by CAF.cancelToken(). As such, you can call abort(..) on it directly, if necessary. You can also access timeoutToken.signal to access its signal, and timeoutToken.signal.pr to access the promise that's rejected when the signal is aborted.

Canceling a CAF-wrapped function* generator that is paused causes it to abort right away, but if there's a pending finally {..} clause, it will always still have a chance to run.

Moreover, a return of any non-undefined value in that pending finally {..} clause will override the promise rejection reason:

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

var main = CAF( function *main(signal,url){
    try {
        return yield ajax( url );
    }
    finally {
        return 42;
    }
} );

main( token.signal, "http://some.tld/other" )
.catch( console.log );     // 42 <-- not "Stopped!"

token.abort( "Stopped!" );

Whatever value is passed to abort(..), if any, is normally set as the promise rejection reason. But in this case, return 42 overrides the "Stopped!" rejection reason.

CAF.cancelToken(..) instantiates AbortController, the DOM standard for canceling/aborting operations like fetch(..) calls. As such, a CAF cancellation token's signal can be passed directly to a DOM method like fetch(..) to control its cancellation:

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

var main = CAF(function *main(signal,url) {
    var resp = yield fetch( url, { signal } );

    console.log( resp );
    return resp;
});

main( token.signal, "http://some.tld/other" )
.catch( console.log );   // "Stopped!"

token.abort( "Stopped!" );

CAF.cancelToken(..) can optionally receive an already instantiated AbortController, though there's rarely a reason to do so:

var ac = new AbortController();
var token = new CAF.cancelToken(ac);

Also, if you pass a raw AbortController instance into a CAF-wrapped function, it's automatically wrapped into a CAF.cancelToken(..) instance:

var main = CAF(function *main(signal,url) {
    var resp = yield fetch( url, { signal } );

    console.log( resp );
    return resp;
});

var ac = new AbortController();
main( ac, "http://some.tld/other" )
.catch( () => console.log("Stopped!") );   // "Stopped!"

token.abort();

If AbortController is not defined in the environment, use this polyfill to define a compatible stand-in. The polyfill can be found in the dist/ directory alongside caf.js.

Note: The polyfill is automatically loaded (in the global namespace) when CAF is used is Node.

Just be aware that if an environment needs the polyfill, fetch(..) and other such APIs won't know about AbortController so they won't recognize or respond to it. They won't break in its presence; they'll just ignore it.

Even if you aren't calling a cancellation signal-aware utility (like fetch(..)), you can still manually respond to the cancellation signal via its attached promise:

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

var main = CAF( function *main(signal,url){
    // listen to the signal's promise rejection directly
    signal.pr.catch( reason => {
        // reason == "Stopped!"
    } );

    var resp = yield ajax( url );

    console.log( resp );
    return resp;
} );

main( token.signal, "http://some.tld/other" )
.catch( console.log );   // "Stopped!"

token.abort( "Stopped!" );

Note: The catch(..) handler inside of main(..) will still run, even though main(..) itself will be aborted at its waiting yield statement. If there was a way to manually cancel the ajax(..) call, that code should be placed in the catch(..) handler.

Even if you aren't running a CAF-wrapped function, you can still respond to the cancellation signal's promise manually to affect flow control:

var token = new CAF.cancelToken();

// normal async function, not CAF-wrapped
async function main(signal,url) {
    try {
        var resp = await Promise.race( [
            ajax( url ),
            signal.pr       // listening to the cancellation
        ] );

        // this won't run if `signal.pr` rejects
        console.log( resp );
        return resp;
    }
    catch (err) {
        // err == "Stopped!"
    }
}

main( token.signal, "http://some.tld/other" )
.catch( console.log );   // "Stopped!"

token.abort( "Stopped!" );

Note: As discussed earlier, the ajax(..) call itself is not cancellation-aware, and is thus not being canceled here. But we are ending our waiting on the ajax(..) call. When signal.pr wins the Promise.race(..) race and creates an exception from its promise rejection, flow control jumps straight to the catch (err) { .. } clause.

You may want to combine two or more signals, similar to how you combine promises with Promise.race(..) and Promise.all(..). CAF provides two corresponding helpers for this purpose:

var timeout = CAF.timeout(5000,"Took too long!");
var canceled = new CAF.cancelToken();
var exit = new AbortController();

var anySignal = CAF.signalRace([
    timeout.signal,
    canceled.signal,
    exit.signal
]);

var allSignals = CAF.signalAll([
    timeout.signal,
    canceled.signal,
    exit.signal
]);

main( anySignal, "http://some.tld/other" );

// or

main( allSignals, "http://some.tld/other" );

CAF.signalRace(..) expects an array of one or more signals, and returns a new signal (anySignal) that will fire as soon as any of the constituent signals have fired.

CAF.signalAll(..) expects an array of one or more signals, and returns a new signal (allSignals) that will fire only once all of the constituent signals have fired.

Warning: This pattern (combining signals) has a potential downside. CAF typically cleans up timer-based cancel tokens to make sure resources aren't being wasted and programs aren't hanging with open timer handles. But in this pattern, signalRace(..) / signalAll(..) only receive reference(s) to the signal(s), not the cancel tokens themselves, so it cannot do the manual cleanup. In the above example, you should manually clean up the 5000ms timer by calling timeout.abort() if the operation finishes before that timeout has fired the cancellation.

Beware of creating a single cancellation token that is reused for separate chains of function calls. Unexpected results are likely, and they can be extremely difficult to debug.

As illustrated earlier, it's totally OK and intended that a single cancellation token signal be shared across all the functions in one chain of calls (A -> B -> C). But reusing the same token across two or more chains of calls (A -> B -> C and D -> E -> F) is asking for trouble.

Imagine a scenario where you make two separate fetch(..) calls, one after the other, and the second one runs too long so you cancel it via a timeout:

var one = CAF( function *one(signal){
    signal.pr.catch( reason => {
        console.log( `one: ${reason}` );
    } );

    return yield fetch( "http://some.tld/", {signal} );
} );

var two = CAF( function *two(signal,v){
    signal.pr.catch( reason => {
        console.log( `two: ${reason}` );
    } );

    return yield fetch( `http://other.tld/?v=${v}`, {signal} );
} );

var token = CAF.cancelToken();

one( token.signal )
.then( function(v){
    // only wait 3 seconds for this request
    setTimeout( function(){
        token.abort( "Second response too slow." );
    }, 3000 );

    return two( token.signal, v );
} )
.then( console.log, console.error );

// one: Second response too slow.   <-- Oops!
// two: Second response too slow.
// Second response too slow.

When you call token.abort(..) to cancel the second fetch(..) call in two(..), the signal.pr.catch(..) handler in one(..) still gets called, even though one(..) is already finished. That's why "one: Second response too slow." prints unexpectedly.

The underlying gotcha is that a cancellation token's signal has a single pr promise associated with it, and there's no way to reset a promise or "unregister" then(..) / catch(..) handlers attached to it once you don't need them anymore. So if you reuse the token, you're reusing the pr promise, and all registered promise handlers will be fired, even old ones you likely don't intend.

The above snippet illustrates this problem with signal.pr.catch(..), but any of the other ways of listening to a promise -- such as yield / await, Promise.all(..) / Promise.race(..), etc -- are all susceptible to the unexpected behavior.

The safe and proper approach is to always create a new cancellation token for each chain of CAF-wrapped function calls. For good measure, always unset any references to a token once it's no longer needed; thus, you won't accidentally reuse it, and the JS engine can properly garbage collect it.

Prior to version 4.0.0, the package name was "async-caf", but starting with version 4.0.0, the name has been simplified to "caf". So, to install this package from npm:

npm install caf

And to require it in a node script:

var CAF = require("caf");

The distribution library file (dist/caf.js) comes pre-built with the npm package distribution, so you shouldn't need to rebuild it under normal circumstances.

However, if you download this repository via Git:

1. The included build utility (scripts/build-core.js) builds (and minifies) dist/caf.js from source. The build utility expects Node.js version 6+.

2. To install the build and test dependencies, run npm install from the project root directory.

   • Note: This npm install has the effect of running the build for you, so no further action should be needed on your part.

3. To manually run the build utility with npm:

   npm run build
   

4. To run the build utility directly without npm:

   node scripts/build-core.js
   

A comprehensive test suite is included in this repository, as well as the npm package distribution. The default test behavior runs the test suite using src/caf.src.js.

1. You can run the tests in a browser by opening up tests/index.html (requires ES6+ browser environment).

2. The included Node.js test utility (scripts/node-tests.js) runs the test suite. This test utility expects Node.js version 6+.

3. Ensure the test dependencies are installed by running npm install from the project root directory.

   • Note: Starting with npm v5, the test utility is not run automatically during this npm install. With npm v4, the test utility automatically runs at this point.

4. To run the test utility with npm:

   npm test
   

   Other npm test scripts:

   • npm run test:dist will run the test suite against dist/caf.js instead of the default of src/caf.src.js.

   • npm run test:package will run the test suite as if the package had just been installed via npm. This ensures package.json:main properly references dist/caf.js for inclusion.

   • npm run test:all will run all three modes of the test suite.

5. To run the test utility directly without npm:

   node scripts/node-tests.js
   

If you have Istanbul already installed on your system (requires v1.0+), you can use it to check the test coverage:

npm run coverage

Then open up coverage/lcov-report/index.html in a browser to view the report.

To run Istanbul directly without npm:

istanbul cover scripts/node-tests.js

Note: The npm script coverage:report is only intended for use by project maintainers. It sends coverage reports to Coveralls.

All code and documentation are (c) 2019 Kyle Simpson and released under the MIT License. A copy of the MIT License is also included.