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“We should let ourselves be guided by what is common to all… Yet, although the Lógos is common to all, most people live as if each of them had their own private understanding.” - Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος

Home Page: https://pansophos.github.io/LOGOS/

License: Other

JavaScript 4.52% TypeScript 13.71% Astro 73.94% SCSS 7.83%
critical-thinking epistemology linguistics logic philosophy reason reasoning rhetoric skepticism symbolic-logic

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faulty generalizations Fallacies

generalizations related Fallacies:

  • faulty generalization
  • accident (exceptsions to generalization are ignored)
  • 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 “No ‘True’ Scotsman” fallacy
  • 🍒 Cherry-Picking 🌸
  • 🥜 Nut-Picking (suppressed/incomplete evidence)
  • survivorship bias
  • False-Analogy
  • hasty generalization
  • argument from anecdote
  • inductive fallacy
  • misleading vividness
  • appeal to emotion
  • overwhelming exception
  • thought-terminating cliché

Cognitive Biases

cognitive biases:

https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

  • bandwagon effect
  • bias blindspot
  • choice-supportive bias
  • confirmation bias
  • congruence bias
  • contrast effect
  • déformation professionnelle
  • endowment effect
  • exposure-suspicion bias
  • extreme aversion
  • focusing effect
  • Framing
  • hyperbolic discounting
  • illusion of control
  • impact bias
  • information bias
  • irrational escalation
  • loss aversion
  • neglect of probability
  • mere exposure effect
  • obsequiousness bias
  • omission bias
  • outcome bias
  • planning fallacy
  • post-purchase rationalization
  • pseudocertainty effect
  • reactance
  • selective perception
  • status-quo bias
  • survivorship bias
  • unacceptability bias
  • unit bias
  • Von Restorff effect
  • zero-risk bias

probability and belief related biases:

  • ambiguity effect
  • anchoring
  • anthropic bias
  • attentional bias
  • availability heuristic
  • clustering illusion
  • conjunction fallacy
  • frequency illusion
  • Gambler’s fallacy
  • hindsight bias
  • hostile media effect
  • illusory correlation
  • Ludic fallacy
  • neglect of prior base rates effect
  • observer-expectancy effect
  • optimism bias
  • overconfidence effect
  • positive outcome bias
  • primacy effect
  • recency effect
  • reminiscence bump
  • rosy retrospection
  • subadditivity effect
  • telescoping effect
  • Texas sharpshooter fallacy

social biases:

  • actor-observer bias
  • Dunning Kruger effect
  • egocentric bias
  • Forer effect/Barnum effect
  • false consensus effect
  • fundamental attribution error
  • halo effect
  • herd instinct/mentality
  • illusion of asymmetric insight
  • illusion of transparency
  • in-group bias
  • just-world phenomenon
  • Lake Woebegon effect
  • notational bias
  • outgroup homogeneity bias
  • projection bias
  • self-serving bias
  • modesty bias
  • self-fulfilling prophecy
  • system justification
  • trait ascription bias
  • ultimate attribution error

mnemonic cognitive errors:

  • beneffectance
  • consistency bias
  • cryptomnesia
  • egocentric bias
  • confabulation/false-memory
  • hindsight bias
  • selective memory/reporting
  • suggestibility/misattribution
  • serial position effect

theoretical causes of cognitive biases:

  • attibution theory: salience
  • cognitive dissonance (impression management, self-perception theory)
  • heuristics (availability heuristic representativeness heuristic)
  • adaptive bias
  • groupthink
  • Salem hypothesis

Logical Terminology&Symbols

λογικός

  • deductive arguments
  • inductive arguments
  • abductively inferential arguments
  • ampliative arguments

historical Logical Systems:

  • Aristotelian Logic
  • Stoic Logic
  • Nyaya
  • Mohism
  • metalogic
  • mathematical logic
  • computational logic
  • formal semantics of natural language

epistemology of logic:

  • first-order logics
  • higher-order logics
  • informal logic
  • deviant&intuitionistic&paraconsistent logics
  • extended logics
  • propositional logic
  • modal logic
  • categorical propositions
  • deontoligcal logics, obligation&permission
  • a priori
  • a posteriori
  • inferences
  • syllogism
  • major term, minor term, middle term

  • premises
  • predicates

  • connectives
  • conclusions
  • tautologies
  • truth tables
  • axioms
  • semantics
  • soundness
  • validity

Bayesian inferences

  • skeptical
  • historical
  • falsificationism

λόγος

λόγος ≍ “Lόgos” ≝ “word/reason/discourse”

διὸ δεῖ ἕπεσθαι τῷ (ξυνῷ, τουτέστι τῷ) κοινῷ· ξυνὸς γὰρ ὁ κοινός. τοῦ λόγου δὲ ἐόντος ξυνοῦ ζώουσιν οἱ πολλοὶ ὡς ἰδίαν ἔχοντες φρόνησιν.

“We should let ourselves be guided by what is common to all… Yet, although the Lógos is common to all, most people live as if each of them had their own private understanding.”

 -Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος

  • a thorough taxonomy of formal&informal logical fallacies
  • loglan or lojban notation/deconstruction functionality/analysis

relevance Fallacies

relevance Fallacies:

  • argumentum ad lapidem ≍ “appeal to the stone”
  • invincible ignorance ≍ “pigheadedness”
  • argumentum ad ignorantiam ≍ “argument from ignorance”
  • argument from incredulity
  • argumentum ad nauseam ≍ argumentum ad infinitum ≍ “argument from repetition”
  • argumentum ex silentio ≍ “argument from silence”
  • ignorantio elenchi ≍ “irrelevant conclusion, missing the point”

“red-herring” style “fake arguments” fallacies:

  • red-herring
  • Chewbacca defense
  • Ad Hominem
  • circumstantial ad hominem
  • poisoning the well
  • appeal to motive
  • tone-policing
  • ergo decedo ≍ “traitorous critic fallacy”
  • guilt by association fallacy
  • argumentum ad verecundiam ≍ “appeal to authority”
  • appeal to accomplishment
  • Courtier’s reply
  • argumentum ad consequentiam ≍ “appeal to consequences”
  • reductio ad ridiculum ≍ ad absurdum ≍ “appeal to ridicule”
  • appeal to spite
  • judgemental language
  • pooh-pooh
  • style over substance ≍ “rhyme as ‘reason’ effect”
  • wishful thinking
  • naturalistic fallacy ≍ “appeal to nature”
  • argumentum novitatis ≍ “argument to novelty”
  • argumentum ad antiquitatis ≍ “appeal to durational traditions”
  • argumentum ad antiquitatem ≍ “appeal to long held traditional beliefs”
  • argumentum ad Lazarum ≍ “appeal to poverty”
  • argumentum ad crumenam ≍ “appeal to wealth”
  • argumentum ad baculum ≍ “appeal to threat/force/stick”
  • argumentum ad populum ≍ “appeal to widespread belief”
  • association fallacy (guilt or honor by association
  • logic-chopping fallacy (nit-picking, trivial objections)
  • ipse dixit ≍ “bare assertion” fallacy
  • Bulverism (psychogenetic fallacy)
  • Chronological snobbery
  • relative privation fallacy ≍ fallacy of “worse problems” or “First-World problems”
  • Genetic fallacy
  • “I’m entitled to my opinion” fallacy
  • Moralistic fallacy
  • is-ought fallacy
  • Straw-Man fallacy
  • Texas sharpshooter fallacy
  • Tu Quoque ≍ “You Too” ≍ “whataboutism” fallacy
  • two wrongs make a right
  • vacuous truth

informal Fallacies

informal Fallacies:

  • argumentum ad temperantiam ≍ “argument to moderation”
  • continuum fallacy
  • suppressed correlative
  • definist fallacy
  • divine fallacy ≍ “argument from incredulity”
  • double counting
  • ecological fallacy
  • etymological fallacy
  • fallacy of composition
  • fallacy of division
  • false attribution
  • fallacy of quoting out of context
  • false authority
  • false dilemma ≍ false dichotomy ≍ bifurcation ≍ black&white
  • false equivalence
  • feedback fallacy
  • historian’s fallacy
  • historical fallacy
  • Baconian fallacy
  • Homunculus fallacy
  • inflation of conflict
  • “if by whiskey”
  • incomplete comparison
  • intentionality fallacy
  • Kafkatrapping
  • Kettle-Logic
  • Ludic fallacy
  • Lump of Labor fallacy
  • quantitative fallacy ≍ McNamara fallacy
  • mind projection fallacy
  • moralistic fallacy
  • moving the goalposts
  • Nirvana fallacy
  • package deal
  • proof by assertion
  • prosecutor’s fallacy
  • proving too much
  • psychologist’s fallacy
  • Reification
  • retrospective determinism
  • slippery-slope
  • special-pleading
  • sealioning
  • Gish-Gallop

Equivocation Fallacies:

  • ambiguous middle term
  • definitional retreat
  • motte&bailey fallacy
  • fallacy of accent
  • persuasive definition

formal Fallacies

formal Fallacies:

  • appeal to probability
  • argumentum ad logicam ≍ “argument from fallacy”
  • base rate fallacy
  • conjunction fallacy
  • conjunction fallacy
  • non-sequitur fallacy
  • masked-man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals)

Propositional Fallacies

  • affirming a disjunct
  • affirming the consequent
  • denying the antecedent
  • denying a conjunct

Quantification fallacies:

  • Existential fallacy

Syllogistic Formal Fallacies:

  • affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative)
  • exclusive premises fallacy
  • quaternio terminorum ≍ “four terms fallacy”
  • illicit commutativity
  • illicit major
  • illicit minor
  • negative conclusion from affirmative premises (illicit affirmative)
  • undistributed middle fallacy
  • modal fallacy
  • modal scope fallacy

causal Fallacies

causal Fallacies:

  • questionable cause
  • cum hoc ergo propter hoc ≍ “after this, therefore because of this”
  • wrong direction (reverse causation)
  • ignoring a common cause
  • fallacy of the single cause (causal oversimplification)
  • furtive fallacy
  • Gambler’s fallacy
  • inverse Gambler’s fallacy
  • magical thinking
  • regression fallacy

LOGISTICS

LOGISTICS:

  • base_url
  • relative linking to /
  • stylistic palette

PAGES:

  • About
  • Contact
  • Privacy Policy
  • Authors
  • HOME
  • FOOTER&socials

ASSETS:

  • favicon
  • banner image
  • hero image
  • Aristotelian
  • Bertrand Russell

depictions/indexes:

  • syllogism
  • truth tables
  • symbolic lexicon (replace Markdown tutorial, show unicode symbols)

premises Fallacies

premise related Fallacies:

  • petitio principii ≍ “begging the question”
  • circulus in demonstrando ≍ “circular reasoning”
  • plurium interrogationum ≍ “fallacy of many questions”

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