[TOC]
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| superior | adj. 上级的；优秀的，出众的；高傲的; | In this aspect, content filtering is superior. | surpass; exceed |
| versatile | adj. 多才多艺的，有多种技能的；多用途的，多功能的 | Our method relies heavily on dropout regularization and versatile input augmentation. | substantial; many; much |
| salient | adj. 突出的，显著的； | NLP researchers or engineers used their domain knowledge to define and extract salient features from raw data. | |
| timely | adj. 及时的；适时的 adv. 及时地；早 | Therefore, timely diagnosis of the failures is very important to prevent extreme costs for operations and maintenance. | - |
| aptly | adv. 恰当地, 贴切地 | these models are unable to to aptly describe structure in rich datasets. | properly |
| instrumental | adj. 有帮助的; 有用的 | two standard objects in causal analysis will be instrumental | helpful |
| performant | adj. （计算机）性能好的，运作良好的 | but can also be suboptimal given that some prompts are more performant than others. | |
| inclusive | adj. 包容广阔的; 无性别歧视的 | Moreover, the design and development process of RS also needs to be transparent and inclusive. | fair; impartial |
| trustworthy | adj. 值得信赖的，可信的 | and worthy of our trust are related to trustworthy recommender systems research | reliable |
| in the affirmative | 以肯定的方式 | We answer this in the affirmative | |
| viable | adj. 可望成功的，切实可行的；能存活的，能生长发育的 | Our approach also considers practical aspects of the task and introduces several modifications to classic RNNs such as a ranking loss function that make it more viable for this specific problem. |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| inferior | adj. 次的，较差的；低等的，下级的； | which can lead to inferior results for AT due to the reduction of training data | bad; worse |
| problematic | adj. 问题的；有疑问的；不确定的 | This is problematic if a test sequence is longer than any of the training sequences. | uncertain |
| plausible | adj. 看似可信的 | It may still be possible to determine a plausible causal structure in practice. Our approach seeks sets of unobserved and plausible hard-examples based on existing training samples. |
- |
| needless | adj. 不必要的, 不需要的; | unsafe ML systems may result in needless loss of life ... | unnecessary |
| burdensome | *adj.*负担沉重的，繁重的 | LightGCN omits the burdensome non-linear transformer during the embedding propagation | heavy |
| fatal | adj. 致命的；导致失败的，灾难性的 | A fatal one is that giant models suffer from poor transferability. | serious; severe |
| volatile | adj. 易变的，动荡不定的，反复无常的；（情绪）易变的，易怒的，突然发作的； | Its performance is also volatile. |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| discrepant | adj. 有差异的；相差的；矛盾的 | the second challenge is from the discrepant distributions that labeled and unlabeled data may be subject to, making the simultaneous utilization of them for extracting domain invariance and promoting model generalization extremely difficult. | different |
| hazardous | adj. 有危险的；冒险的；碰运气的 | Without proper safeguards, users of DNN-based applications can be exposed to unforeseen hazardous situations caused by "trivial" noises. | risky |
| stereotypical | adj. 刻板印象的，类型化的 | We will illustrate this with two stereotypical examples. | |
| schematic | adj. 概要的，略图的；严谨的，有章法的；（**、观念等）过分简单化的，程式化的 | Schematic representation of PET (1-3) and iPET (a-c). | 11 |
| prioritized | adj. 按重要性排列；优先处理 (过去分词) | Research in this vein has included prioritized replay for maximizing the impact of rare experiences | - |
| predominant | adj. 显着的，明显的；占主导地位的，占支配地位的 | Learning from examples is the predominant approach for many NLP tasks. | |
| resultant | adj. 由此导致的，因而发生的 | The unmatched treated subject would then be excluded from the resultant matched sample. | resulting; consequent |
| be disjoint from | 与...不相交 | The augmentations from AugMix are disjoint from ImageNet-C's corruptions. | be distinct from |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| harmonized | adj. 调和的; 和谐的 | These two should be harmonized. | compatible |
| transparent | adj. 透明的, 公开的, 明显的 | Moreover, the design and development process of RS also needs to be transparent and inclusive. | |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| poorly | adv. 贫穷地;贫乏地;不充分地; adj. 身体不舒服的; 心情恶劣的 | The company has been performing poorly over the past year. poorly defined |
deficiently |
| far from mature | 远未成熟 | representation learning of temporal networks is far from mature | useful |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| problem-oriented | adj. 面向问题的 | because it established at the outset that enhancement techniques are problem-oriented ... | task-specific |
| task-specific | adj. 特定任务的 | Provide task-specific flows and context. | problem-orientied |
| concurrent | adj. 并发的;一致的;同时发生的;并存的; n. [数]共点;同时发生的事件 | a concurrent work by ... | alongside |
| conceptually | adv. 概念上 | We propose the MLP-Mixer architecture (or “Mixer” for short), a competitive but conceptually and technically simple alternative. | - |
| intrinsic | adj. 本质的，固有的 | This formula shows the intrinsic beauty of mathematics. | inherent |
| inherent | adj. 固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的 | The inherent weakness of the new diagnostic test is that it cannot detect cancers caused by viruses. | intrinsic |
| optionally | adv. 随意地; 可选择地 | Its typical form is again an affine mapping optionally followed by a squashing non-linearity. | or |
| solely | adv. 单独地；仅仅 | we show that the optimal rank-one strategy depends solely on then energy budget and the smallest singular value of the data matrix | only |
| ongoing | adj. 继续存在的; 继续发展的 | Session-based recommendation (SBR) aims to predict the user’s next action based on the ongoing sessions | |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| immense | adj. 极大的，巨大的；非常好，极好；无边无际的 | In recent years, deep neural networks have yielded immense success on speech recognition, computer vision and natural language processing. | |
| adequate | adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的 | The structure would not be adequate ... She didn't give an adequate explanation for being late. |
enough sufficient; substantial |
| substantial | adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的 | Most deep learning methods require substantial amounts of manually labeled data, which restricts their applicability in may domains that suffer from a dearth of annotated resources. | enough; sufficient; adequate |
| exhaustive | adj. 详尽的，彻底的；消耗的 | In practice, we can search for the optimal flood level by performing the exhaustive search in parallel. | thoroughly; complete; comprehensive |
| extensively | adv. 广阔地；广大地; 普遍地 | It has been extensively studied that the convergence to a flat region whose curvature is small benefits the generalization of neural networks. | widely; generally |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| excessive | adj. 过度的，过多的 | Two things we want to avoid and that can be revealed from the evolution of activations is excessive saturation of activation functions on one hand | |
| scarce | adj. 缺乏的，不足的；稀有的 adv. 仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有 | Although large unlabeled text corpora are abundant, labeled data for learning theses specific tasks is scarce, making it challenging for discriminatively trained models to perform adequately. However, the observational data of a population may be scarce in practice. |
rare; dearth |
| dearth | n. 缺乏；饥馑；粮食不足 | Most deep learning methods require substantial amounts of manually labeled data, which restricts their applicability in may domains that suffer from a dearth of annotated resources. | scarce |
| seamlessly | *adv.*无缝地 | SPORE seamlessly fuses the sequential influence of visited spatial items and the personal interests of individual users in a principled way. |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| nuanced | adj. 微妙的；具有细微差别的; v. 精确细腻地表演；细致入微地描绘 | However, a more nuanced understanding of images arguably requires the ability to reason about how the scene depicted in the image would change in response to interventions. | subtle |
| ubiquitous | adj. 普遍存在的；无所不在的 | Open-domain dialogue generation, due to tis potential applications, is becoming ubiquitous in the community of natural language processing. | universal; widespread |
| broader | adj. 更广泛的 | In this paper, we adopt this broader meaning of “regularization.” | general |
| invariably | adv. 总是；不变地；一定地 | The propensity score matched sample is almost invariably smaller than the original sample. | constantly; unchangeably |
| on par with | 与……同等水平 | Comparing GMF to BPR, we can see the performance of GMF with a sampling ratio of one is on par with BPR | - |
| arbitrarily | adv. 随意地, 任意地 | - | |
| merely | adv. 仅仅, 只 | Current recommendation research confronts challenges when recommendations are merely from those user sessions |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| needless to say | 不必说;不用说 | The problem, needless to say, is the cost involved. | - |
| simultaneously | adv. 同时地 | while simultaneously handling confounding bias using a decorrelation loss | meanwhile; concurrently |
| jointly | adv. 共同的;连带地 | Subsequently, in the outcome prediction network, we learn an embedding of high-cardinality and continuous treatments, jointly with the data representation. | conjointly |
| in conjunction with | 连同; 共同; 与...协力 | a couple of papers paid attention to reaction equations in conjunctions with diffusion equations. | along with |
| analogously | adv. 类似地；近似地 | Analogously, the objects that we encounter in the actual world may also be generated as a function of some higher-level representations | similarly |
| subsequently | adv. 后来，随后 | ||
| consequently | adv. 因此, 结果 | as | |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| therein | adv. 在其中；在那里 | Finally, we refer readers to [JNM20] and the references mentioned therein for an empirical study of ... | here|there| where by|of|in|at|from|on|upon|with |
| in advance | 预先; 提前 | Since machine learning systems are usually deployed in a wide range of scenarios where the test data are unknown in advance | beforehand |
| alongside | prep. 与...同时;在...旁边;与...一起;共存;与...相比; adv. 在旁边 | we learn a data representation in lower dimensions as compared to the original covariates, and addresses confounding bias alongside. | concurrent |
| by its|their very nature | 就其本质而言 | By its very nature, beginners in digital image processing find enhancement to be interesting and relatively simple to understand. | by nature; in essence |
| with the advent of | 随着 ... 出现 | With the advent of neural network models for NLP |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| abruptly | adv. 突然地；唐突地；陡然 | the gradient of PGD-AT changes abruptly while the gradients of TRADES and the clean CE loss are more continuous. | suddenly |
| rather | adv. 宁可，宁愿；相当；准确地说；或多或少地 | - | pretty (口语) =rather (吃惊)>quite (正常)> fairly (略带失望) |
| by no means | 决不; 并没有; 绝不可能 | It is by no means clear that this assumption leads to approximation without the curse of dimensionality ... | - |
| in turn | 反过来；转而；轮流，依次 | These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. The heavy reliance on BN’s effectiveness to train models in turn prohibits people from exploring higher-capacity models that would be limited by memory. |
- |
| whereas | conj. 然而；鉴于 | Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not. | but |
| albeit | conj. 虽然，尽管 | but the classifiers have non-trivial resistance to |
though; although |
| in contrast | 与此相反；比较起来 | In contrast, when estimating the effect on smoking cessation of an information brochure given by family physicians to patients who are current smokers, the ATE may be of greater interest than the ATT. | on the contrary |
| as opposed to | 与…截然相反；对照 | and to keep them at test time (as opposed to freeze and simplify them out as done for batch normalization). As opposed to the previous case, now the attacker seeks to fool the system leading it to predict that two face images ... |
in contrast to; contrary to; unlike |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| arguably | adv. 可论证地; 可争辩地;可以说是 | Venus was arguably a cozier habitat for life than earth. | - |
| fundamentally | adv. 根本地; 从根本上; 基础地 | They remained fundamentally opposed to the plan. | nearly; almost |
| primarily | adv. 主要地，首要地，根本地 | Data augmentation primarily helps combat texture bias as with ImageNet-R. | mainly, fundamentally |
| thorough | adj. 彻底的；十分的；周密的 | However, a thorough examination of the comparability ... | thoroughly; drastically |
| adequately | adv. 充分地；足够地；适当地 | I describe balance diagnostics for examining whether the propensity score model has been adequately specified. | enough; fully |
| readily | adv. 容易地；乐意地；无困难地 | These methods can be readily adapted to stratification on the propensity score and IPTW using the propensity score. | easily |
| Word | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| manifestation | n. 显示; 证明; 临床表现 | All causal relationships are manifestations of the powers of objects. | argumentation; demonstration |
| argumentation | n. 论证; 观点; 争论 | However, he did not have to be careful analysis and argumentation. | manifestation; demonstration |
| demonstration | n. 示范; 证明; **** | We were given a brief demonstration of the computer's functions. | manifestation; argumentation |
| paradigm | n. 范例；词形变化表 | End-to-end neural models are generally trained in a data-driven paradigm. | manner |
| budget | n. 预算; vt.安排,预定; v.做预算; adj.廉价的 | a perturbation budget | - |
| tolerance | n. 宽容，容忍；耐力；公差 | The non-negative L is a constant parameter that describes the tolerance level of varying age relationship. | - |
| quadruplet | n. 四胎儿；四胞胎之一；成套的四件 | Each time, we sample a quadruplet (i, j, k, l) of facial images as the input of the CNN. | triplet; quint |
| alternative | n. 二中择一；供替代的选择 adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的 | We present Group Normalization (GN) as a simple alternative to BN. | substitute proxy |
| substitute | n. 代用品；代替者 v. 替代 | ... word-level augmentation enriches the training samples by substituting the words in the original sample. | replace |
| counterpart | n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物 | In this paper, we ask whether a DNN can distinguish adversarial samples from their normal and noisy counterparts. | |
| abbreviation | n. 缩写；缩写词 | If not further specified, we will use the term network, or the abbreviation NN, to refer to FC neural networks. | - |
| appeal | n. 呼吁，恳求；上诉，申诉；吸引力，感染力，魅力；启发，打动 | A major appeal of collaborative filtering is that it is domain free | advantage |
| vicinity | n. 周围地区，邻近地区，附近 | a large number of local minima with values in the vicinity of the best or global minimum | around |
| scarcity | n. 不足，缺乏 | However, it is more challenging to utilize, since user satisfaction is not observed and there is a natural scarcity of negative feedback. | lack |
| deficiency | *n.*缺乏，不足；缺陷，瑕疵；赤字 | To amend the deficiency of APPNP, ... | |
| the lens of | ...的视角 | through the lens of random walk theory | from the perspective |
| stereotype | n. 模式化的**，老一套； | Our discovery breaks the stereotype that GPTs can only generate but do not understand. |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| explore | v. 探索；探测；探险 | we explore a semi-supervised approach for language understanding tasks ... | min |
| mine | v. 挖掘; 寻找 | we propose a similarity-based positive sampler (as described below) to mine such potentially positive samples for model training. | explore |
| exploit | vt. 开发，利用，开拓；剥削；开采 | A context-aware restoration component exploits low-level similarity between each pixel and its context to refine the saliency scores provided by the backbone network. Indeed, since the FR systems exploit a DNN model to generate face descriptors only ... |
develop |
| employ | vt. 使用，采用；雇用；使忙于，使从事于 | ... many adversarial training methods employ the most adversarial data maximizing the loss for updating the current model such as standard adversarial training (AT) | exploit; adopt; use |
| recur to | 借助于 | To prove that, we need to recur to Lemma 1 based on ... | with the help/aid of |
| have access to | 可以利用；使用；接近； | We don’t have access to the counterfactual outcomes. | - |
| resort to [+ doing] | 依靠，求助于；诉诸；常去 | One category is the conventional methods that do not use neural networks but resort to prior knowledge and handcrafted features | turn to |
| on top of | 在……之上； | GNN methods typically have been designed on top of the graph signal processing theory. | on basis of |
| tackle | v. 应付, 应对, 处理（难题或局面) | Our confidence-calibrated adversarial training (CCAT) tackles this problem by biasing the model towards low confidence predictions on adversarial examples. | address; solve; deal with; handle |
| cope with | 处理，应付 | to cope with the noise in the unsupervised expansion of label words | - |
| circumvent | v. 规避;绕行;包围;智取; | We circumvent this challenge using proxy distributions. | avoid |
| accomplish | v. 完成，实现 | and several approaches have been proposed to accomplish this. | realize |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| discern | vi. 辨别 vt. 觉察出；识别；了解；隐约看见 | Thus, by tracing the different behavior exhibited by natural images and manipulated samples, we can discern among them. | distinguish; |
| articulate | *v.*明确表达，清楚说明； | We first articulate that all the aforementioned notations can be naturally extended after considering the temporal nature of our proposed blurring-sharpening process. | express |
| unveil | vt. 使公之于众，揭开；揭幕 vi. 除去面纱；显露 | Figure 3 also unveils an important property for the distillation method. | uncover; disclose; reveal |
| reveal | vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露 | Our study reveals that the optimal attack strategy depends on the energy budget and the singular values of the data matrix. | unveil; uncover; disclose |
| conjecture | v.<正式>猜测，推测；揣摩 | We conjecture that this characteristic is also suitable for learning reliable user/product representations | guess |
| corroborate | vt. 证实；使坚固 | To corroborate the above argument, we analyze the gradient magnitude and stability below. | verify; certify; prove |
| ascertain | v. 查明，确定 | The answer to this question cannot be ascertained in general ... | corroborate |
| reason about | 推出;理出;思考得出 | They reason about how best to defeat me. | infer; deduce |
| encapsulate | vt. 简要描述，概括 | such representations may encapsulate abstract properties such as color | summarize |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| prohibit | vt. 阻止，禁止 | This prohibits the unique partitioning of objects for all but the most specific purposes. | prohibitive |
| impede | vt. 阻碍；妨碍；阻止 | This impedes the learning of those data-driven neural dialogue models. | hinder; prevent; hamper |
| hinder | v. 阻碍，妨碍 | Robust overfitting hinders the practical deployment of adversarial training methods as the final performance is often sub-optimal. | impede |
| exacerbate | vt. 使加剧; 使恶化; 激怒 | The presence of high-dimensional covariates exacerbates the impact of bias as it is harder to isolate and measure the impact of these confounders. | - |
| degrade | vt. 贬低；使……丢脸；使……降级；使……降解 vi. 降级，降低；退化 | Those FCN-driven approaches have weaknesses that might degrade their performance in practice. | deteriorate |
| confine | vt.限制, 局限于 | We confine the related work to the domain of object recognition and divide it into three categories... | limit; restrict |
| restrict | vt. 限制；约束；限定 | Most deep learning methods require substantial amounts of manually labeled data, which restricts their applicability in may domains that suffer from a dearth of annotated resources. Their usage of LSTM models restricts their prediction ability to a short range. |
confine |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| benefit | vt. 有益于，对…有益 vi. 受益，得益 | It has been extensively studied that the convergence to a flat region whose curvature is small benefits the generalization of neural networks. It is thus a natural question to ask whether robust and catastrophic overfitting are related, and whether GradAlign can be beneficial to mitigate robust overfitting. Then we provide evidence against the explanation given by [47] on the benefit of randomness for FGSM AT. |
enjoy; encourage |
| enrich | vt. 使充实；使肥沃；使富足 | Optimize |
extend |
| alleviate | vt. 减轻，缓和 | We use memcached to alleviate database load. BERT alleviates the previously mentioned unidirectionality constraint by using a "masked language model" ... Several variations have been proposed to alleviate this problem ... |
mitigate; address |
| mitigate | vt. 使缓和，使减轻 vi. 减轻，缓和下来 | Furthermore, many works have proposed robust PCA that can mitigate the impact of certain percentages of outliers and small dense random noise. To mitigate the problem of losing resolution for old memories, we introduce the concept of “sticky memories” |
alleviate |
| ameliorate | vt. 改善；减轻（痛苦等）；改良 | To ameliorate this pessimism, we propose a heuristic method. | mitigate |
| compromise | v. 妥协，折中；违背（原则），达不到（标准）； n. 妥协，和解；妥协（或折中）方案；达成妥协 | The usage of BN often requires these systems to compromise between the model design and batch sizes. | trade-off |
| withstand | v. 顶住，抵住；经受住，承受住（攻击、批评等）；反抗 | PGD-based adversaria training is one of the few that can withstand powerful attacks. | resist |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| motivate | v. 使有动机，成为……的动机；给出理由；刺激，激发…的积极性；申请 | We motivate the need for finding a low-dimensional representation. | - |
| elaborate | vt. 精心制作；详细阐述；vi. 详细描述；变复杂; adj. 精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的 | In this section, we elaborate the details of our unified bilateral-branch structure shown in Figure 3. | - |
| devise | vt. 设计；想出；发明；图谋；遗赠给 | The solution is to devise transformation functions based on the intensity distribution of pixel neighborhoods. | design |
| seek to | 追求；争取；力图 | Two recent works, Ulyanov et al. (2016) Johnson et al. (2016), sought to address this problem by learning equivalent feed-forward generator networks that can generate the stylized image in a single pass. | - |
| entail | vt. 使需要，必需；承担；遗传给；蕴含 n. 引起；需要；继承 | Propensity score matching entails forming matched sets of treated and untreated subjects. | require |
| for the sake of | 为了；为了……的利益 | For the sake of conceptual consistency, the objective function ... | in order to |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| in light of | 根据; 鉴于 | In light of these problems, recent works have focused on automatically searching discrete prompts. In light of the above challenges, we propose a sequential |
in view of |
| lie in | 在于……； | The reason lies in that a good recommendation under joint consideration of the two factors may not obtain a high recommendation score when calcu�lating from each individual factor. | due to; because |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be prone to | 易于……；有……的倾向 | ..., implying that using the cross-token MLP to learn the interplay across image patches is more prone to overfitting than ViTs' self-attention mechanism ... | tend |
| differ from | 与...不同；区别于... | However, an observational study differs from a randomized experiment in one design issue. | - |
| differ in | 不同在；在…方面存在不同 | The different vegetational parts differ in their food qualities. | - |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be capable of | 能够; 有能力 | In this paper, we propose a treatment effects estimation framework that is capable of adaptively exploiting observations from multiple sources to help infer causal effects in a target population with scarce data. | be able to |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| incorporate | vt. 包含, 吸收; 体现; 把...合并 vi.合并;混合 adj. 合并的; 一体化的 | In our daily lives, humans often justify several actions and events in terms of cause and effect and incorporate the feedback into future actions in order to alter future outcomes. The proposed method can theoretically incorporate arbitrary FCN-based backbone network |
combine integrate |
| integrate | vt. 使…完整；使…成整体；求…的积分；表示…的总和 vi. 求积分；取消隔离；成为一体 adj. 整合的；完全的 n. 一体化；集成体 | Hence, there have been several efforts by researchers to integrate causality into machine learning models for obtaining robust and generalizable machine learning models. Dong et al. proposed an iterative algorithm that integrates a momentum term into the iterative process to boost adversarial attacks. |
incorporate combine |
| consist of | 由…组成；由…构成；包括 | The ROSA framework consists of a segment-wise shielding component, an FCN-based backbone network, and a context-aware restoration component. | be composed of |
| constitute | v. 组成; 构成; 是 | China's ethnic minorities constitute less than 7 percent of its total population. | |
| be composed of | 由...组成 | Objects are sometimes composed of heterogeneous colors and textures. | consist of |
| combine | vt. 使化合；使联合，使结合 vi. 联合，结合；化合 n. 联合收割机；联合企业 | The trip will combine business with pleasure. All of this could combine into a perfect storm shattering European unity. |
incorporate; integrate |
| supplant | v. 取代，代替 | in which new knowledge supplants old knowledge | replace |
| separate ... from ... | 把...从...分离开来 | hus further constraints need to be applied to attempt to separate useful information (to be retained) from noise (to be discarded). | disentangle ... from ... |
| subsume | 把……归入；把……包括在内 | our concept not only theoretically subsumes many existing collaborative filtering models | contain |
| encompasses | v. 包含，包括；包围，环绕；<古>促成，实现 | which encompasses many works on prompting and can be expanded to cover others as well |
| phrase | 含义 | 例句 | 近义词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| dub | v. 把...称为 | We propose to leverage periodic activation functions for implicit neural representations and demonstrate that these networks, dubbed sinusoidal representation networks or SIRENs | |
| amplify | vt. 放大，扩大；增强；详述 vi. 详述 | we amplify the differences between the pairs with ... | enhance |
| harvest | vt. 收割；得到 n. 收获；产量；结果 | Those filters harvest information naturally from local neighborhoods in the input image | obtain |
| abstain | v. （投票时）弃权，放弃；避免，回避；自制，戒除 | These models are allowed to abstain whenever they are not sufficiently confident in their prediction. Thus, the selective model abstains from prediction at a point The method of learning with a rejection option tries to avoid incorrect predictions by abstaining on some uncertain data. |
abstain |
| mimic | vt. 模仿，摹拟 n. 善于模仿的人；会模拟的动物（或植物）adj. 模仿的，模拟的；假装的 | that is, these models mimic the human conversations by training on the large-scale query-response pairs. | imitate; emulate |
| refer | vi. 参考；涉及；提到；查阅; vt. 涉及；委托；归诸于；使…求助于 | If not further specified, we will use the term network, or the abbreviation NN, to refer to FC neural networks. Finally, we refer readers to [JNM20] and the references mentioned therein for an empirical study of ... |
represent; denote |
| abide by | 遵守；信守；承担……的后果 | it still abides by the Causal Hierarchy Theorem | obey |
| with no/less regard for | 不考虑... | Natural error alone can be minimized by using an optimal classifier with no regard for adversarial robustness and never abstaining. | with regard to; regarding; about; with respect to; in terms of; concerning |
| play a role in | 扮演...的角色; 发挥...的作用 | Unsupervised pre-training played a central role in the resurgence of deep learning. | - |
| in concert with | 和……相呼应；与……合作；和……一致 | Now we discuss about methods that explicitly train models in concert with prompting methods | corresponding; consistent with |
| in conjunction with | 连同，共同；与……协力 | The system is designed to be used in conjunction with a word processing program. | in concert with |
| at | - |
|---|---|
| Unlike batch normalization, layer normalization performs exactly the same computation at training and test times. It is also straightforward to apply to recurrent neural networks by computing the normalization statistics separately at each time step. |
|
| ... the most adversarial data within the |
|
| in | - |
|---|---|
| Layer normalization is very effective at stabilizing the hidden state dynamics in recurrent networks. | |
| Deep neural networks trained with some version of Stochastic Gradient Descent have been shown to substantially outperform previous approaches on various supervised learning tasks in computer vision and speech processing | |
| on | - |
|---|---|
| Deep neural networks trained with some version of Stochastic Gradient Descent have been shown to substantially outperform previous approaches on various supervised learning tasks in computer vision and speech processing | |
| onto | - |
|---|---|
| The recent work of Gatys et al. (2016) introduced a method for transferring a style from an image onto another one, as demonstrated in fig. 1 | |
| with | - |
|---|---|
| These neighbors, together with the 4-neighbors, are called the 8-neighbors of p, denoted by |
|
| within | - |
|---|---|
| Unlike batch normalization, the proposed method directly estimates the normalization statistics from the summed inputs to the neurons within a hidden layer so the normalization does not introduce any new dependencies between training cases. | |
| across | - |
|---|---|
| The normalization standardizes each summed input using its mean and its standard deviation across the training data. | |
| over | |
|---|---|
| It also has only one set of gain and bias parameters shared over all time-steps. | |
| Then we optimize the expectation of the augmented loss parts over this distribution to approximate the original augmented loss parts computed with various augmented data mapping functions. | |
| However, both of these approaches come at a non-trivial, additional computational cost, often increasing training time by an order of magnitude over standard training. |
| upon | |
|---|---|
| Other mechanisms are built upon functions that serve as proxies for prediction confidence. | - |
| sentence |
|---|
| Most deep learning methods require substantial amounts of manually labeled data, which restricts their applicability in may domains that suffer from a dearth of annotated resources. |
| Crafted adversarial data can easily fool the standard-trained deep models by adding human-imperceptible noise to the natural data, which leads to the security issue in applications such as medicine, finance, and autonomous driving. |
| Adversarial training (AT) is one of the most effective strategies for promoting model robustness, whereas even the state-of-the-art adversarially trained models struggle to exceed 60% robust test accuracy on CIFAR-10 without additional data, which is far from practical. |
| Detecting test samples drawn sufficiently far away from the training distribution statistically or adversarially is a fundamental requirement for deploying a good classifier in many real-world machine learning applications. |
| Qualitative and quantitative results are shown for both learning tasks, giving readers an insight on the importance of having AIM in the context of few-shot and continual learning. |
| We propose to leverage periodic activation functions for implicit neural representations and demonstrate that these networks, dubbed sinusoidal representation networks or SIRENs, are ideally suited for representing complex natural signals and their derivatives. |
| making it fast to compute the partition function in the kernel space and to sample entries in a divide and conquer way. |
| sentence |
|---|
| There is a lack of consensus in the applied literature as to which variables to include in the propensity score model. |
| There is no general agreement among authors regarding where image processing stops and other related ares ... |
| There are no clear-cut boundaries in the continuum from image processing at one end to computer vision at the other. |
| Many existing defense baselines struggle to remove potential adversarial noises from input images, which is different from our proposed idea that adaptively predicts saliency maps for inputs with some new introduced generic noise to resist adversarial attacks. |
| There is a long history of pre-training general language representations, and we briefly review the most widely-used approaches in this section. |
| Batch Normalization (BN) is a milestone technique in the development of deep learning, enabling various networks to train. |
| In recent years, an exploding growth in studies of adversarial attacks and defenses has been witnessed. |
| This recent approach in object recognition ha made enormous progress in less than a decade. |
| Since [28], numerous works appeared to measure the saliency of pixels. |
| While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. |
| In response to this difficulty, there has been a recent surge in work that tries to to reduce the complexity of generating an adversarial example, which forms the bulk of the additional computation in adversarial training |
| However, many deep neural networks are vulnerable to various malicious perturbations due to their black-box nature: a small (even imperceptible) perturbation of input data may lead to completely wrong predictions |
| Modern consumers are inundated with choices. |
| sentence |
|---|
| The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. |
| In this paper we revisit the method for feed-forward stylization of Ulyanov et al. (2016) and show that a small change in a generator architecture leads to much improved results. |
| Our high-level idea is to measure the probability density of test sample on feature spaces of DNNs ... |
| Next the pairwise learning method Bayesian Personalized Ranking is shortly recapitulated. |
| sentence |
|---|
| Using error back-propagation method can be considered as a double-edged sword for deep neural networks. |
| sentence |
|---|
| from a conceptual point of view; from a technical point of view |
| This is beyond the scope of the present paper. |
| recognizing those individual characters are in the scope of what we call digital image processing in this book ... |
| The non-negative L is a constant parameter that describes the tolerance level of varying age relationship. |
| ... is a set C consisting of elements belonging either to A, to B, or to both. |
| The NOT of binary image B, is an array obtained by changing all 1-valued pixels to 0, and vice versa. |
| We use terms intensity and gray level interchangeably in subsequent discussions. |
| To better understand the nature of adversarial training and Theorem 1, we provide supporting schematics in Figure 2. |
| sentence |
|---|
| When full-network fine-tuning on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100, we use the augmentation popularized by Wide Residual Networks: 4 pixels are reflection padded on each side, and a 32 x 32 crop is randomly sampled from the padded image or its horizontal flip. |
| We found that the exact value of the hyperparameter |
| We start with an initial ε value of 4/255 up to one-fourth the training epochs, and ramp up this value linearly to a value of 16/255 at the last epoch. |
| For example, as shown in the bottom panels of Figure 1 |
| It is however shown on a benchmark of classification problems to yield significantly lower classification error, thus bridging the performance gap with deep belief networks (DBN), and in several cases surpassing it. |
| sentence |
|---|
| To compare different methods, we evaluate the minimum, average, and maximum l2 norm of the perturbation over all cases of wrong labels and report the average values over the test samples. |
| To avoid any leakage of the test set in generated samples |
| We adopt early-stopping strategy and terminate the training if the performance on validation set is not improved after 2 consecutive epochs. |
| The neural network is implemented with and enjoys efficiency from 1 × 1 convolutional layers. |
| As shown in Table I, Fβ -measure of DSS and DCL drop 30%–36% when exposed to the adversarial samples. |
| The adversarial attack reduces Fβ -measure of RFCN, Amulet, and UCF by 6%–12% while it only lowers Fβ of MC, LEGS, and MDF by 0.7%–1.1%. |
| Deep CNNs demonstrate a high fitting capacity superior to traditional methods using handcrafted features. |
| As Table II shows, DSS+ours outperforms DSS* by 71.9%–86.2% with respect to Fβ -measure on adversarial samples. |
| DSS+ours* still significantly surpasses DSS* by 71.86%–86.05% Fβ . |
| DSS+ours exceeds the second best DSS+TVM by 6.08% Fβ and 0.0337 MAE on the adversarial samples of HKU-IS dataset. |
| We find that as |
| Comparing GMF to BPR, we can see the performance of GMF with a sampling ratio of one is on par with BPR |
| One may note that self-distillation with fixed hyper-parameters is in fact inferior in terms of reducing robust overfitting, while its effectiveness can be significantly improved with the optimal hyper-parameters automatically determined by our method |
| To further justify the above fact, we plot output distributions of other layers |
| This signifies that it is increasingly difficult to find adversarial data that misclassifies the model. |
| This is somewhat expected since, on one hand, the robustness might not be affected much unless a sufficient number of filters (channels) are removed, which is different to depth that configures the entire residual block. |
| This can be explained by the gap between a pixel reconstruction task and a recognition task: the last several layers in an autoencoder are more specialized for reconstruction, but are less relevant for recognition. |
| Especially on Amazon Dataset with rich user behaviors, DIN stands out significantly. |
React
Typescript
Django
Laravel
Facebook
Microsoft
Google
Alibaba
D3
Tencent