Detecting Third-Party Libraries in Android Applications with High Precision and Recall.
Yuan Zhang, Jiarun Dai, Xiaohan Zhang, Sirong Huang, Zhemin Yang, Min Yang, Hao Chen.
In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering, SANER’18, Campobasso, Italy, March 20-23, 2018. [PDF]
Third-party libraries are widely used in Android applications to ease development and enhance functionalities. However, the incorporated libraries also bring new security & privacy issues to the host application, and blur the accounting between application code and library code. Under this situation, a precise and reliable library detector is highly desirable. In fact, library code may be customized by developers during integration and dead library code may be eliminated by code obfuscators during application build process. However, existing research on library detection has not gracefully handled these problems, thus facing severe limitations in practice.
In this paper, we propose LibPecker, an obfuscation-resilient, highly precise and reliable library detector for Android applications. LibPecker adopts signature matching to give a similarity score between a given library and an application. By fully utilizing the internal class dependencies inside a library, LibPecker generates a strict signature for each class. To tolerate library code customization and elimination as much as possible, LibPecker introduces adaptive class similarity threshold and weighted class similarity score when calculating library similarity. To quantitatively evaluate the precision and the recall of LibPecker, we perform the first such experiment (to the best of our knowledge) with a large number of libraries and applications. Results show that LibPecker significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art tools in both recall and precision (91% and 98.1% respectively).
We consider the problem of library detection in a more realistic scenario for application developers to incorporate third-party libraries, that is code customization and code elimination can occur at both class-level and class-member-level. In an app, there is no clear boundary between app code and library code, making library detection quite challenging. Our approach utilizes class-level similarity matching to test if the main functionalities of a library are still present in an application. It takes an exact copy of a given library and an app as inputs, and calculates a similarity score (ranging from 0 to 1) between the library and the application. If the similarity score exceeds a threshold, LibPecker reports the library is present in the application.
As depicted in the following figure, our approach consists of two major parts: a) signature generation for all library classes and application classes; b) library matching process to give a similarity score between a given library and a given application based on the class signatures. More details can be found in our paper.
LibPecker accepts two inputs: an Android app (.apk file) and a library (.dex file). LibPecker returns a similarity to depict how much code of the library can be found in the app.
java -jar LibPecker.jar <apk_path> <lib_path>
To transform library files (such as .jar/.aar file), you can use the dx command in the bin directory.
#####Linux
./bin/dx --dex --output=<lib_dex> <lib_jar_path>
#####Windows
./bin/dx.sh --dex --output=<lib_dex> <lib_jar_path>
We also provide some test cases in the test directory. To test these cases, you can run this command.
java -cp LibPecker.jar -Xmx4G cn.fudan.libpecker.main.TestDriver
Expected output is like the following.
=== pass test: test/apk/3f217d600168e62b062b4c424ef4224d.apk test/lib/7f799553d1957873a92a2cf96b85ef2625195788ebbf6d7ae83ff3263c114c53.dex
similarity: 0.5920433145009416
=== pass test: test/apk/3f217d600168e62b062b4c424ef4224d.apk test/lib/9798a656af89d4f6e6c0d7ad60e4863347d89503a795381e51f6e463dc32fd6d.dex
similarity: 0.14186450492182975
=== pass test: test/apk/3f217d600168e62b062b4c424ef4224d.apk test/lib/a4564e66bacf765a2cd403d274c49380dc067c4ca2449e68fa6201da2ea783d9.dex
similarity: 0.35957322333349556
=== pass test: test/apk/3f217d600168e62b062b4c424ef4224d.apk test/lib/5277a56f0c4f8a18a35a2d7e020b0546436eb81c4b5c4e492dc3cfa36436e0b4.dex
similarity: 0.5954615408654523
=== pass test: test/apk/482c5db677fbf14040c93ddeb3714526.apk test/lib/163f8315a054e25db69d7b2b8aa6097804d1d4d30003dda4ff07be21678b9587.dex
similarity: 0.33905778602924114
=== pass test: test/apk/482c5db677fbf14040c93ddeb3714526.apk test/lib/af5b684ea74defaea3a8cdc5e67bebd9ed527673c6d00b691365e7c23319da67.dex
similarity: 0.0626696274364668
=== pass test: test/apk/482c5db677fbf14040c93ddeb3714526.apk test/lib/a873ffc1d69a6d38fff2bc9b17250963f09ee934aa8f86d2abb0ba80a4d4a38f.dex
similarity: 0.5981256669903423
=== pass test: test/apk/d11006c50e299a18539c6411285660a4.apk test/lib/e466ea56ddb39d05c43912dbafcd42ae5e178e80f5ebd1e7c0c3682e040ef4a6.dex
similarity: 0.9995280792826807
=== pass test: test/apk/d11006c50e299a18539c6411285660a4.apk test/lib/1ddc4f3804cdf219ae7feaf4647a5e1d79bfc1863208fac98cba54bf4b282994.dex
similarity: 1.0
=== pass test: test/apk/bb1ae8661d82b36fa26f9fe9801943c7.apk test/lib/bdabe04fa6179d13e590f6173acbc94d9ffdbc4b4a9310a989e30820c27b94e8.dex
similarity: 1.0
=== pass test: test/apk/bb1ae8661d82b36fa26f9fe9801943c7.apk test/lib/b46bf10c7a9e4dfa24c88f87d34a9dfb5248f7718f392e1518099f8d9f69cca5.dex
similarity: 0.9490735206216379
=== pass test: test/apk/b75eef27fd4b3f5c65a8a1c7eb677d05.apk test/lib/b42266a9b224e604911716c43bf2516cce03ad551d7db213747297efd866182c.dex
similarity: 1.0
=== pass test: test/apk/b75eef27fd4b3f5c65a8a1c7eb677d05.apk test/lib/967af7be58c4efde245efea26e544d4dabb351f09f396f41b40c78d32c2723a0.dex
similarity: 0.9999999999999998
=== pass test: test/apk/b75eef27fd4b3f5c65a8a1c7eb677d05.apk test/lib/cf0d095b6db6ecedd56654228db442f152c1445d07d9cca14c6a147b2c730f5a.dex
similarity: 0.9672300793377027
=== pass test: test/apk/b75eef27fd4b3f5c65a8a1c7eb677d05.apk test/lib/bc626e62b8783e095b3fd857423ef7713de12b2a9e89fa3280e45f5a9fdd7de7.dex
similarity: 0.9708244371118012
=== pass test: test/apk/b75eef27fd4b3f5c65a8a1c7eb677d05.apk test/lib/e466ea56ddb39d05c43912dbafcd42ae5e178e80f5ebd1e7c0c3682e040ef4a6.dex
similarity: 1.0
=== pass test: test/apk/6f35b5e01899df4cc91a31f2773b7217.apk test/lib/cf819dbfef851e6f21def64d3f4b4cc5d7425104b4830ec765dc5157c4453831.dex
similarity: 1.0
=== pass test: test/apk/6f35b5e01899df4cc91a31f2773b7217.apk test/lib/7cc2314e50de4dc66de7c108ab9c429f3122c6056855fac016fe2a00a9e4ee08.dex
similarity: 0.9999999999999993
=== pass test: test/apk/b75eef27fd4b3f5c65a8a1c7eb677d05.apk test/lib/44555093604035841f936e76428e8bc2087737d58387d2718c3878481332220b.dex
similarity: 1.0
=== pass test: test/apk/b75eef27fd4b3f5c65a8a1c7eb677d05.apk test/lib/798f6bed0fca807e9b47e2f3a0a2f99e4a0618e6cf0639b3444eb72f8a4933cf.dex
similarity: 0.9999999999999997
To setup the development environment, you can directly open LibPecker.iml in IntelliJ IDEA. Note that JDK 1.7 is needed. If you have further questions, please contact yuanxzhang [AT] fudan.edu.cn.
@inproceedings{libpecker-saner-2018,
author={Y. Zhang and J. Dai and X. Zhang and S. Huang and Z. Yang and M. Yang and H. Chen},
booktitle={2018 IEEE 25th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)},
title={Detecting third-party libraries in Android applications with high precision and recall},
year={2018},
volume={},
number={},
pages={141-152},
keywords={Library Detection, Code Similarity, Obfuscation Resilienc},
doi={10.1109/SANER.2018.8330204},
ISSN={},
month={March},
}
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