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This repository contains code for the model described in

Stengel K., Glaws A., Hettinger D., King R. "Adversarial super-resolution of climatological wind and solar data". PNAS July 21, 2020 117 (29) 16805-16815; first published July 6, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918964117

• Requirements
• Data
  • WIND Toolkit & NSRDB
  • CCSM
• Model Weights
• Running the Models

• Python v3.7
• TensorFlow v1.12
• numpy v1.15
• matplotlib v3.1

A conda environment YML file, tf_env.yml has been provided for your convenience.

LR, MR, and HR wind example data (from WIND Toolkit) can be found in example_data/. These datasets are from NREL's WIND Toolkit. The LR and MR data are to be used with the MR and HR models respectively. If you would like to use your own data for the super-resolution it must have the shape: (N_batch, height, width, [ua, va]). Example solar data (from NSRDB) can also be found in example_data/ and can be treated in the same manner as the WIND Toolkit is treated. If you choose to use your own solar data it should have the shape: (N_batch, height, width, [DNI, DHI]). The scripts are designed to take in TFRecords. Methods for converting numpy arrays into compatible TFRecords are available in utils.py.

If you would like to run the CCSM wind data through the pretrained PhIREGANs models, you can download the data from here with the following:

• project : CMIP5
• model : CCSM4
• experiment : 1% per year CO₂
• time_frequency : day
• realm : atmos
• ensemble : r2i1p1
• version : 20130218
• variables : ua, va (for wind), and rsds (for solar) CCSM solar data is converted from daily to hourly average values using the TAG model. The CCSM GHI data is split into DNI and DHI components using the DISC model.

Model weights can be found in models/. The wind MR and HR models perform a 10x and 5x super-resolution respectively while both solar models perform a 5x super-resolution. Each model is designed to work on the distance scales they were trained on (100 to 10km or 10km to 2km/4km). If you wish to have a different amount of super-resolution you must train the models accordingly.

An example of how to use the PhIRE GANs model for training and testing can be found in main.py.

[1] Aguiar, R., and M. T. A. G. Collares-Pereira. "TAG: a time-dependent, autoregressive, Gaussian model for generating synthetic hourly radiation." Solar energy 49.3 (1992): 167-174.
[2] Maxwell, E.,"DISC Model." Excel Worksheet link
[3] Holmgren, William F., Clifford W. Hansen, and Mark Mikofski. "pvlib python: a python package for modeling solar energy systems." J. Open Source Software 3.29 (2018): 884.
[4] Meehl, Gerald A., "CCSM4 model run for CMIP5 with 1% increasing CO2" (2014). NCAR. doi:10.1594/WDCC/CMIP5.NRS4c1. Served by ESGF (Version 2) [Data set]. World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ.
[5] Taylor, Karl E., Ronald J. Stouffer, and Gerald A. Meehl. "An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93.4 (2012): 485-498.
[6] Cinquini, Luca, et al. "The Earth System Grid Federation: An open infrastructure for access to distributed geospatial data." Future Generation Computer Systems 36 (2014): 400-417.
[7] Draxl, Caroline, et al. "The wind integration national dataset (wind) toolkit." Applied Energy 151 (2015): 355-366.
[8] Sengupta, Manajit, et al. "The national solar radiation data base (NSRDB)." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 89 (2018): 51-60.

We acknowledge the World Climate Research Program’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups (listed CCSM section) for producing and making available their model output. For CMIP the U.S. Department of Energy’s Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison provides coordinating support and led development of software infrastructure in partnership with the Global Organization for Earth System Science Portals.

This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. This work was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at NREL. The research was performed using computational resources sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and located at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The views expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the views of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.