This is intended to identify addresses under control of solo stakers, for projects that wish to target solo stakers for incentives or onboard actors capable of supporting decentralised node operations

Updated: Dencun network upgrade 2024/03/13

Methodology This attempts to identify solo staker owned addresses, by combining all unique validator deposit addresses including RocketPool node operator (withdrawal) addresses, and removing identified centralised entities such as CEXs (ex: Coinbase, Kraken), and Staking as a Service/ Liquid staking providers (ex: Lido and Stakewise)

ETH2 Deposit Contract: 0x00000000219ab540356cbb839cbe05303d7705fa All deposit transactions from normal Ethereum addresses to this contract, contract addresses excluded to get Beacon-Chain-Depositors, invalid deposits are filtered out.

Entities: compiling a comprehensive list of identified entities from etherscan/Hildoby dataset to get Entity-List

Solo Stakers: to get solo-stakers-a the known entity addresses are removed from the beacon chain depositors and RocketPool-Node-Operators addresses are added.

Additional information and resources More details and information on some findings from this repository are expanded on here Ethereum - How Many Solo Stakers? (2023-10-10)

Rated Network Solo Stakers are the backbone of Ethereum (2023-05-24) and its credible neutrality, researched a wide array of metrics related to validator performance estimating that around 6.5% of the network are solo stakers (at time of writing). Rated have since released this data publicly which can be found here.

Differences in Method: Rated uses a wide range of metrics related to validator performance and ml techniques. This uses a simplistic approach focusing on deposit addresses to the contract and filters out known entities which are easily identifiable, it has been public since inception and is easily reproducible.

Solo_Stakers_A Potential Solo Staker Owned Addresses

18,835 Addresses that have made a valid Beacon Chain deposit, with identified entities removed.

known large and easily identified entities are filtered out, however small pools/institutions not easily identified and can’t be differentiated from potential solo-stakers.

does not attempt to ‘join’ addresses, there are stakers that will use a single use deposit address for privacy concerns meaning multiple addresses can be under control of one.

NOTE: this also includes RocketPool NO withdrawal addresses.

Solo_Stakers_B High Confidence Solo Staker Owned Addresses

Addresses that have made a valid Beacon Chain deposit and have also interacted with smart contracts, with identified entities removed.

from Rated: “Solo stakers fund all (or some if in Rocketpool) of the stake through their own means. This is usually via a generic wallet that is used for multiple purposes.”

10,849 addresses with history of contract interaction/token transfers indicative of Ethereum users experienced in defi and general on chain activity, and not institutional/exchange owned addresses.

Data can be queried from dune with the following:

WITH ContractInteractions AS (
    SELECT DISTINCT "from" as address
    FROM ethereum."transactions"
    WHERE LENGTH(data) > 2 -- Excluding '0x' and empty inputs
    AND "to" != 0x00000000219ab540356cBB839Cbe05303d7705Fa -- Excluding the beacon chain contract
)

SELECT
  t."from" as address,
  SUM(t.value / 1e18) as deposited_eth,
  COUNT(t."from") as transaction_count
FROM
  ethereum."transactions" t
JOIN ContractInteractions ci ON t."from" = ci.address
WHERE
  t."to" = 0x00000000219ab540356cBB839Cbe05303d7705Fa
GROUP BY
  t."from"
HAVING
  COUNT(t."from") >= 1
ORDER BY
  deposited_eth DESC;

NOTE: this also includes RocketPool NO withdrawal addresses.

/Solo-Stakers-Snapshots various snapshots at earlier dates can be found here, such as Ethereum network upgrades eg: Merge

Known Staking as a Service/ Liquid Staking provider addresses (such as Lido and Stakewise) and Exchange CEX addresses (such as Kraken and Binance).

Entity tags from https://github.com/hildobby/spellbook/tree/main

Coinbase

135,084 addresses at 2024/04/10.

Data can be queried from dune with the following:

SELECT
  depositor_address
FROM staking_ethereum.entities
WHERE
  entity = 'Coinbase'

All unique ‘withdrawal addresses’ associated with RocketPool node accounts; data can be queried from Rocketscan API

Example:

curl --compressed "https://rocketscan.io/api/mainnet/nodes" | jq -r '.[].withdrawalAddress' | sort | uniq

RocketPool validator deposits to the beacon chain are done via smart contract, this manages the matching with ETH from the pool, there are approx. 34,938 Mini-pools (2024/04/10) - using withdrawal addresses is a better indication of solo-staker owned accounts.

All unique addresses that deposited a valid (32ETH) transaction to the ‘ETH2 deposit contract’. this will include addresses belonging to exchanges and liquid/pooled staking providers.

All Contract addresses are excluded from this, (Including RocketPool Mini-pool contract addresses)

This is up to Dencun network upgrade 2024/03/13**

• Users of Abyss Finance see issue #10

• Adding associated withdrawal addresses as option to use instead.

• Adding validator count per address

• Adding DVT Stakers

• Update Gnosischain