A tool to automate the gathering of profiling and benchmarking information for Gradle builds.
Profiling information can be captured using several different tools:
- Using Gradle build scans
- Using Async Profiler
- Using JProfiler
- Using YourKit profiler
- Using Java flight recorder
- Producing Chrome Trace output
First, build and install the gradle-profiler
app using:
> ./gradlew installDist
This will install the executable into ./build/install/gradle-profiler/bin
. The examples below assume that you add this location to your PATH or create a gradle-profiler
alias for it.
Benchmarking simply records the time it takes to execute your build several times and calculates a mean and standard error for it. It has zero impact on the execution time, so it is ideal for making before/after comparisons for new Gradle versions or changes to your build.
Run the gradle-profiler
app using:
> gradle-profiler --benchmark --project-dir <root-dir-of-build> <task>...
Where <root-dir-of-build>
is the directory containing the build to be benchmarked, and <task>
is the name of the task to run,
exactly as you would use for the gradle
command.
Results will be written to a file called profile-out/benchmark.html
and profile-out/benchmark.csv
.
When the profiler runs the build, it will use the tasks you specified. The profiler will use the default Gradle version, Java installation and JVM args that have been specified for your build, if any. This generally works the same way as if you were using the Gradle wrapper. For example, the profiler will use the values from your Gradle wrapper properties file, if present, to determine which Gradle version to run.
You can use the --gradle-version
option to specify a Gradle version or installation to use to benchmark the build.
You can specify multiple versions and each of these is used to benchmark the build, allowing you to compare the behaviour of several different Gradle versions.
You can also use the --measure-config-time
option to measure some additional details about configuration time.
You can use --measure-build-op
together with the fully qualified class name of the enveloping type of the Details
interface to benchmark cumulative build operation time.
For example, for Gradle 5.x there is a org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.SnapshotTaskInputsBuildOperationType
which can be used to capture snapshotting time.
The time recorded is cumulative time, so the wall clock time spent on executing the measured build operations is probably smaller.
If multiple versions are tested, then Gradle profiler determines whether there is an statistically significant difference in the run times by using a Mann-Whitney U-Test. The result files contain the confidence if a sample has a different performance behavior - i.e. it is faster or slower - than the baseline.
Profiling allows you to get deeper insight into the performance of your build.
To run the gradle-profiler
app to profile a build use:
> gradle-profiler --profile <name-of-profiler> --project-dir <root-dir-of-build> <task>...
The app will run the build several times to warm up a daemon, then enable the profiler and run the build.
Once complete, the results are available under profile-out/
.
Gradle build scans are a powerful tool to investigate the structure of your build and quickly find bottlenecks. You can use the timeline view to see which tasks ran, how long they took, whether they were cached, how well your build parallelized etc. The performance tab will show you details about configuration time and other hints on how to make your build faster.
In order to create a build scan of your build, use --profile buildscan
. The build scan URL is reported on the console and is also available in profile-out/profile.log
.
Async profiler provides low-overhead CPU, allocation and perf event sampling on Linux and MacOS. It also correctly handles native method calls, making it preferable to JFR on these operating systems.
You can use async profiler to profile a Gradle build using --profile async-profiler
.
By default, this will download an Async profiler release from Github and install it, if not already available.
The output are flame and icicle graphs which show you the call tree and hotspots of your code.
The following options are supported and closely mimic the options of Async profiler. Have a look at its readme to find out more about each option:
--async-profiler-event
: The event to sample, e.g.cpu
oralloc
. Defaults tocpu
--async-profiler-count
: The count to use when aggregating event data. Eithersamples
ortotal
.total
is especially useful for allocation profiling. Defaults tosamples
--async-profiler-interval
: The sampling interval in ns, defaults to 10_000_000 (10ms)--async-profiler-stackdepth
: The maximum stack depth. Lower this if profiles with deep recursion get too large. Defaults to 2048.--async-profiler-framebuffer
: The size of the frame buffer in bytes. Defaults to 10_000_000 (~10MB)--async-profiler-system-threads
: Whether to show system threads like GC and JIT compilation in the profile. Usually makes them harder to read, but can be useful if you suspect problems in that area. Defaults tofalse
You can also use either the ASYNC_PROFILER_HOME
environment variable or the --async-profiler-home
command line option to point to the Async profiler install directory.
JProfiler is a powerful commercial profiler, which provides both sampling and instrumentation capabilities. You can tailor its settings in the JProfiler UI and then instruct the Gradle profiler to use these settings for full control over what you want to investigate. For instance, you could split calls to a dependency resolution rule by argument to find out if the rule is slow for a specific dependency.
In order to work with JProfiler, use the --profile jprofiler
option.
This will use JProfiler's CPU sampling by default. JProfiler supports several other options:
- Enable CPU sampling of all methods by adding
--jprofiler-config sampling-all
(by default only packages containing the wordgradle
are sampled) - Switch to CPU instrumentation by adding
--jprofiler-config instrumentation
- Enable memory allocation recording by adding
--jprofiler-alloc
- Enable monitor usage recording by adding
--jprofiler-monitors
- Enable probes with
--jprofiler-probes:<probe ids, separated by comma>
(e.g.--jprofiler-probes builtin.FileProbe
) - Enable heapdump after build with
--jprofiler-heapdump
- Use a specific profiler session (for full control over filters, sampling intervals etc.) by adding
--jprofiler-session <sessionId>
- use a different JProfiler installation with
--jprofiler-home /path/to/jprofiler
YourKit is a powerful commercial profiler, which provides both sampling and instrumentation capabilities. Its integration in the Gradle profiler is currently limited, e.g. support for probes and other custom settings is missing. If you are using YourKit and would like to see better support, pull requests are welcome.
In order to work with YourKit, make sure the YOURKIT_HOME
environment variable is set and then use the --profile yourkit
option.
This will use YourKit's CPU instrumentation by default.
You can switch to CPU sampling by adding the --yourkit-sampling
option.
You can switch to memory allocation profiling by adding the --yourkit-memory
option.
All probes are disabled when using sampling or memory allocation profiling.
JFR provides low overhead CPU, allocation, IO wait and lock profiling and runs on all major operating systems. It is available on Oracle JDK since Java 7 and on OpenJDK since Java 11 (make sure you have at least 11.0.3).
To our knowledge, it is the only low-overhead allocation profiler for Windows. However, be aware of its shortcomings, e.g. it will not sample native method calls, so you will get misleading CPU results if your code does a lot of system calls (like reading files).
You will get both the JFR file and flame graph visualizations of the data, which are much easier to understand than the Java Mission Control UI.
In order to profile with JFR, add the --profile jfr
option.
You can change the profiler settings using --jfr-settings
, specifying either the path to a .jfc
file or the name of a built-in template like profile
.
Chrome traces are a low-level event dump (e.g. projects being evaluated, tasks being run etc.). They are useful when you can't create a build scan, but need to look at the overall structure of a build. It also displays CPU load, memory usage and GC activity. Using chrome-trace requires Gradle 3.3+.
Add the --profile chrome-trace
option and open the result in Google Chrome.
--project-dir
: Directory containing the build to run (required).--benchmark
: Benchmark the build. Runs the builds more times and writes the results to a CSV file.--profile <profiler>
: Profile the build using the specified profiler. See above for details on each profiler.--output-dir <dir>
: Directory to write results to.--warmups
: Specifies the number of warm-up builds to run for each scenario. Defaults to 2 for profiling, 6 for benchmarking, and 1 when not using a warm daemon.--iterations
: Specifies the number of builds to run for each scenario. Defaults to 1 for profiling, 10 for benchmarking.--bazel
: Benchmark scenarios using Bazel instead of Gradle. By default, only Gradle scenarios are run. You cannot profile a Bazel build using this tool.--buck
: Benchmark scenarios using Buck instead of Gradle. By default, only Gradle scenarios are run. You cannot profile a Buck build using this tool.--maven
: Benchmark scenarios using Maven instead of Gradle. By default, only Gradle scenarios are run. You cannot profile a Maven build using this tool.
The following command line options only apply when measuring Gradle builds:
--gradle-user-home
: The Gradle user home. Defaults to<project-dir>/gradle-user-home
to isolate performance tests from your other builds.--gradle-version <version>
: Specifies a Gradle version or installation to use to run the builds, overriding the default for the build. You can specify multiple versions by using this option once for each version.--no-daemon
: Uses thegradle
command-line client with the--no-daemon
option to run the builds. The default is to use the Gradle tooling API and Gradle daemon.--cold-daemon
: Use a cold daemon (one that has just started) rather than a warm daemon (one that has already run some builds). The default is to use a warm daemon.--cli
: Uses thegradle
command-line client to run the builds. The default is to use the Gradle tooling API and Gradle daemon.--measure-config-time
: Measure some additional details about configuration time. Only supported for Gradle 6.1 and later.--measure-build-op
: Additionally measure the cumulative time spent in the given build operation. Only supported for Gradle 6.1 and later.-D<key>=<value>
: Defines a system property when running the build, overriding the default for the build.
A scenario file can be provided to define more complex scenarios to benchmark or profile. Use the --scenario-file
option to provide this. The scenario file is defined in Typesafe config format.
The scenario file defines one or more scenarios. You can select which scenarios to run by specifying its name on the command-line when running gradle-profiler
, e.g.
> gradle-profiler --benchmark --scenario-file performance.scenarios clean_build
Here is an example:
# Can specify scenarios to use when none are specified on the command line
default-scenarios = ["assemble"]
# Scenarios are run in alphabetical order
assemble {
# Show a slightly more human-readable title in reports
title = "Assemble"
# Run the 'assemble' task
tasks = ["assemble"]
}
clean_build {
title = "Clean Build"
versions = ["3.1", "/Users/me/gradle"]
tasks = ["build"]
gradle-args = ["--parallel"]
system-properties {
"key" = "value"
}
cleanup-tasks = ["clean"]
run-using = tooling-api // value can be "cli" or "tooling-api"
daemon = warm // value can be "warm", "cold", or "none"
measured-build-ops = ["org.gradle.api.internal.tasks.SnapshotTaskInputsBuildOperationType"] // see --measure-build-op
buck {
targets = ["//thing/res_debug"]
type = "android_binary" // can be a Buck build rule type or "all"
}
warm-ups = 10
}
ideaModel {
title = "IDEA model"
# Fetch the IDEA tooling model
model = "org.gradle.tooling.model.idea.IdeaProject"
# Can also run tasks
# tasks = ["assemble"]
}
androidStudioSync {
title = "Android Studio Sync"
# Simulate an Android studio sync
android-studio-sync {
# Skip source generation on sync
skip-source-generation = true // if not specified defaults to "false"
# If the above flag is set to "false", the Android studio sync simulation runs "generateDebugSources" tasks by default
# This behavior can be overridden in case if the project has different product flavors (e.g. "development", "production", etc.)
build-variant = "developmentDebug" // if not specified defaults to "debug"
}
}
Values are optional and default to the values provided on the command-line or defined in the build.
A scenario can define changes that should be applied to the source before each build. You can use this to benchmark or profile an incremental build. The following mutations are available:
apply-abi-change-to
: Add a public method to a Java or Kotlin source class. Each iteration adds a new method and removes the method added by the previous iteration.apply-non-abi-change-to
: Change the body of a public method in a Java or Kotlin source class.apply-h-change-to
: Add a function to a C/C++ header file. Each iteration adds a new function declaration and removes the function added by the previous iteration.apply-cpp-change-to
: Add a function to a C/C++ source file. Each iteration adds a new function and removes the function added by the previous iteration.apply-property-resource-change-to
: Add an entry to a properties file. Each iteration adds a new entry and removes the entry added by the previous iteration.apply-android-resource-change-to
: Add a string resource to an Android resource file. Each iteration adds a new resource and removes the resource added by the previous iteration.apply-android-resource-value-change-to
: Change a string resource in an Android resource file.apply-android-manifest-change-to
: Add a permission to an Android manifest file.apply-android-layout-change-to
: Add a hidden view with id to an Android layout file. Supports traditional layouts as well as Databinding layouts with a ViewGroup as the root element.clear-build-cache-before
: Deletes the contents of the build cache before the scenario is executed (SCENARIO
), before cleanup (CLEANUP
) or before the build is executed (BUILD
).clear-gradle-user-home-before
: Deletes the contents of the Gradle user home directory before the scenario is executed (SCENARIO
), before cleanup (CLEANUP
) or before the build is executed (BUILD
). The mutator retains thewrapper
cache in the Gradle user home, since the downloaded wrapper in that location is used to run Gradle. Requires to use thenone
daemon option to use withCLEANUP
orBUILD
.clear-instant-execution-state-before
: Deletes the contents of the.instant-execution-state
directory before the scenario is executed (SCENARIO
), before cleanup (CLEANUP
) or before the build is executed (BUILD
).clear-project-cache-before
: Deletes the contents of the.gradle
andbuildSrc/.gradle
project cache directories before the scenario is executed (SCENARIO
), before cleanup (CLEANUP
) or before the build is executed (BUILD
).clear-transform-cache-before
: Deletes the contents of the transform cache before the scenario is executed (SCENARIO
), before cleanup (CLEANUP
) or before the build is executed (BUILD
).show-build-cache-size
: Shows the number of files and their size in the build cache before scenario execution, and after each cleanup and build round..git-checkout
: Checks out a specific commit for the build step, and a different one for the cleanup step.git-revert
: Reverts a given set of commits before the build and resets it afterward.jvm-args
: Sets or overrides the jvm arguments set byorg.gradle.jvmargs
in gradle.properties.
They can be added to a scenario file like this:
incremental_build {
tasks = ["assemble"]
apply-abi-change-to = "src/main/java/MyThing.java"
apply-non-abi-change-to = ["src/main/java/MyThing.java", "src/main/java/MyOtherThing.java"]
apply-h-change-to = "src/main/headers/app.h"
apply-cpp-change-to = "src/main/cpp/app.cpp"
apply-property-resource-change-to = "src/main/resources/thing.properties"
apply-android-resource-change-to = "src/main/res/value/strings.xml"
apply-android-resource-value-change-to = "src/main/res/value/strings.xml"
apply-android-manifest-change-to = "src/main/AndroidManifest.xml"
clear-build-cache-before = SCENARIO
clear-transform-cache-before = BUILD
show-build-cache-size = true
git-checkout = {
cleanup = "efb43a1"
build = "master"
}
git-revert = ["efb43a1"]
jvm-args = ["-Xmx2500m", "-XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=512m"]
}
You can compare Gradle against Bazel, Buck, and Maven by specifying their equivalent invocations in the scenario file. Only benchmarking mode is supported.
> gradle-profiler --benchmark --maven clean_build
clean_build {
tasks = ["build"]
cleanup-tasks = ["clean"]
maven {
targets = ["clean", "build"]
}
}
> gradle-profiler --benchmark --bazel build_some_target
build_some_target {
tasks = ["assemble"]
bazel {
targets = ["build" "//some/target"]
}
}
> gradle-profiler --benchmark --buck build_binaries
build_binaries {
tasks = ["assemble"]
buck {
type = "android_binary" // can be a Buck build rule type or "all"
}
}
build_resources {
tasks = ["thing:processDebugResources"]
buck {
targets = ["//thing/res_debug"]
}
}