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License: Other
A Julia package for data clustering
License: Other
Would there be interest in having https://github.com/rened/KShiftsClustering.jl included here? I have not registered KShiftsClustering with METADATA yet. Or we keep it separate, whatever you think is best.
It is basically a one-iteration kmeans algorithm, similar to self-organizing maps.
Distance matrixes are too expensive.
They need O(n^2) memory, and thus O(n^2) time to create.
Better DBSCAN implementations use indexes for acceleration.
Hi,
The docs haven't seem to be built for 1 year and 5 months. Has someone done this:
I'm seeing quite a few warnings from Clustering.jl on Julia 0.4.0
e.g.
WARNING: [a] concatenation is deprecated; use collect(a) instead
in depwarn at deprecated.jl:73
in oldstyle_vcat_warning at ./abstractarray.jl:29
in hclust at /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/src/hclust.jl:334
in hclust at /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/src/hclust.jl:342
[inlined code] from /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/test/hclust.jl:7
in anonymous at no file:0
in include at ./boot.jl:261
in include_from_node1 at ./loading.jl:304
[inlined code] from /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/test/runtests.jl:15
in anonymous at no file:14
in include at ./boot.jl:261
in include_from_node1 at ./loading.jl:304
in process_options at ./client.jl:308
in _start at ./client.jl:411
while loading /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/test/hclust.jl, in expression starting on line 6
and
WARNING: int(x) is deprecated, use Int(x) instead.
in depwarn at deprecated.jl:73
in int at deprecated.jl:50
in kmeans! at /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:37
in kmeans at /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:53
in include at ./boot.jl:261
in include_from_node1 at ./loading.jl:304
[inlined code] from /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/test/runtests.jl:15
in anonymous at no file:14
in include at ./boot.jl:261
in include_from_node1 at ./loading.jl:304
in process_options at ./client.jl:308
in _start at ./client.jl:411
while loading /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/test/kmeans.jl, in expression starting on line 15
and
WARNING: deprecated syntax "{a=>b, ...}" at /home/jeff/.julia/v0.4/Clustering/test/hclust_generated_examples.jl:558.
Use "Dict{Any,Any}(a=>b, ...)" instead.
I think these come warnings from changes to the Julia language that appeared around the time of the release candidates. I'm using version 0.4.0 of Clustering.jl, but I get the warnings when I checkout master too.
The cause is mcl
: here is a simple reproducible example:
adj_matrix = [1.0 0.125 1.0 0.0 0.16 0.0; 0.125 1.0 0.0 0.25 0.0 0.16; 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0; 0.0 0.25 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.5; 0.16 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0; 0.0 0.16 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0]
mcl(adj_matrix, display=:verbose, inflation=1.5, expansion=1.5, save_final_matrix=true)
I had a quick look through, my guess is that there is a slight change in BLAS behaviour which causes eig
to give subtly different values, and that this error then amplifies, but i don't understand the algorithm well enough to be sure.
It seems the file doc/source/hclust.md is not included anywhere in the manual. This means there is absolutely zero documentation for that function, since it doesn't have a docstring.
EDIT: found #60.
I can only use the DBSCAN algorithm with a Float64 array but not with a Float32 array, that is actually my input.
using Clustering; positions = zeros(Float32, 3, 10); clusters = dbscan(positions, 0.3, min_neighbors=1, min_cluster_size=1, leafsize=20)
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching _dbscan(::NearestNeighbors.KDTree{StaticArrays.SVector{3,Float32},Distances.Euclidean,Float32}, ::Array{Float32,2}, ::Float64; min_neighbors=1, min_cluster_size=1)
Closest candidates are:
_dbscan{T<:AbstractFloat}(::NearestNeighbors.KDTree{V<:AbstractArray{T,1},M<:Union{Distances.Chebyshev,Distances.Cityblock,Distances.Euclidean,Distances.Minkowski},T}, ::Array{T<:AbstractFloat,2}, ::T<:AbstractFloat; min_neighbors, min_cluster_size) at /user/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/dbscan.jl:144
in #dbscan#6(::Int64, ::Array{Any,1}, ::Function, ::Array{Float32,2}, ::Float64) at /user/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/dbscan.jl:137
in (::Clustering.#kw##dbscan)(::Array{Any,1}, ::Clustering.#dbscan, ::Array{Float32,2}, ::Float64) at ./:0
Is it within the scope of this package to provide some more modern HC techniques (e.g. ROCK/CURE, BIRCH, etc)? Classical HC techniques (single-linkage, centroid linkage, etc) lack robustness and are sensitive to noise/outliers, plus their quadratic computational complexities are problematic when applying them to large datasets.
More modern algorithms like CURE can better handle multidimensional data and sophiscated cluster shapes. It has 2000+ citations on Google Scholar so there is definitely a large demand for HC techniques that can handle "big data". Wikipedia has the algorithm's pseudocode (I haven't checked it's validity).
The affinity propagation clustering method would gain with some docs on the use.
For some use cases predict and score functions would be helpful.
The predict function should return the assigned clusters for a set of observations like this for kmeans:
function predict(kmresult, X)
dmat = Distances.pairwise(Distances.SqEuclidean(), kmresult.centers, X)
mod(findmin(dmat, 1)[2] .- 1, size(dmat, 1)) .+ 1
end
The score function should assign given observations and return the 1/totalcost for these observations and could look like this for kmeans:
function score(kmresult, X)
dmat = Distances.pairwise(Distances.SqEuclidean(), kmresult.centers, X)
sum(findmin(dmat, 1)[1])
end
Of course, it would be great to have those functions for all of the available clustering algorithms.
I did not see this error earlier, until I pulled the latest Julia.
julia(113)% julia ~/.julia/Clustering/test/kmeans_t1.jl
non-weighted
ERROR: sample_by_weights not defined
in kmeanspp_initialize! at /home/dr/.julia/Clustering/src/seeding.jl:24
in kmeans at /home/dr/.julia/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:399
in kmeans at /home/dr/.julia/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:403
in include_from_node1 at loading.jl:92
in process_options at client.jl:274
in _start at client.jl:349
at /home/dr/.julia/Clustering/test/kmeans_t1.jl:12
Just tried it on 0.2 myself manually:
idunning@IAIN-DESKTOP:~/.../JuMP/test$ julia
_
_ _ _(_)_ | A fresh approach to technical computing
(_) | (_) (_) | Documentation: http://docs.julialang.org
_ _ _| |_ __ _ | Type "help()" to list help topics
| | | | | | |/ _` | |
| | |_| | | | (_| | | Version 0.2.0 (2013-11-16 23:48 UTC)
_/ |\__'_|_|_|\__'_| | Official http://julialang.org release
|__/ | x86_64-linux-gnu
julia> Pkg.add("Clustering")
INFO: Cloning cache of Clustering from git://github.com/johnmyleswhite/Clustering.jl.git
INFO: Cloning cache of Distance from git://github.com/JuliaStats/Distance.jl.git
INFO: Cloning cache of NumericExtensions from git://github.com/lindahua/NumericExtensions.jl.git
INFO: Cloning cache of StatsBase from git://github.com/JuliaStats/StatsBase.jl.git
INFO: Installing Clustering v0.2.4
INFO: Installing Distance v0.2.6
INFO: Installing NumericExtensions v0.3.6
INFO: Installing StatsBase v0.2.10
INFO: REQUIRE updated.
julia> using Clustering
Warning: could not import Base.foldl into NumericExtensions
Warning: could not import Base.foldr into NumericExtensions
Warning: could not import Base.sum! into NumericExtensions
Warning: could not import Base.maximum! into NumericExtensions
Warning: could not import Base.minimum! into NumericExtensions
ERROR: Distributions not found
in require at loading.jl:39
in include at boot.jl:238
at /home/idunning/.julia/Clustering/src/Clustering.jl:4
I'm trying to do hierarchical clustering on large-ish distance matrices. The following works fine:
using Distances
using Clustering
m1 = rand(100,100)
d1 = pairwise(Jaccard(), m1)
c1s = hclust(d1, :single)
c1a = hclust(d1, :average)
I was able to do it on a random table as big as 10k x 10k, but for my actual datatable which is about 12k x 12k, the :single
works, but :average
hclust produces an error - (eventually, after a rather long time):
BoundsError: attempt to access 8947-element Array{Any,1} at index [8984]
hclust(::Symmetric{Float64,Array{Float64,2}}, ::Symbol) at hclust.jl:338
hclust(::Array{Float64,2}, ::Symbol) at hclust.jl:351
include_string(::String, ::String) at loading.jl:515
include_string(::String, ::String, ::Int64) at eval.jl:30
include_string(::Module, ::String, ::String, ::Int64, ::Vararg{Int64,N} where N) at eval.jl:34
(::Atom.##49#53{String,Int64,String})() at eval.jl:50
withpath(::Atom.##49#53{String,Int64,String}, ::String) at utils.jl:30
withpath(::Function, ::String) at eval.jl:38
macro expansion at eval.jl:49 [inlined]
(::Atom.##48#52{Dict{String,Any}})() at task.jl:80
Is this a memory error? I can do hclust in R for the same data, so iI think in principle it should work.
and add 0.6 badge to readme, now that #82 is merged?
@johnmyleswhite I am wondering whether you are happy with moving this package to JuliaStats.
The Clustering.jl is one of the ML packages that received relative broader attention. This moving might make it easier to get more support from the community.
I notice that at https://github.com/JuliaStats/Clustering.jl/tags, v0.3.3 is the highest version. But over at LightGraphs, we're requiring 0.4, and your README shows 0.5. Where are these located? Is it the case that git tags do not correlate with Julia versions? (They appear to in LightGraphs.)
The documentation for k-medoids requires a cost matrix C, and parameter k, the number of clusters. But C must be a kxm matrix, so k can be inferred from C, why are both necessary? Also the matlab version doesn't require C as input at all. And also, C must be re-calculated whenever a new candidate medoid is selected, I don't see any hooks to allow this, is it possible this is half completed, and does't do step 5 like described in the wiki? Or maybe it's expected that step 5 is done outside.
This issue is being filed by a script, but if you reply, I will see it.
PackageEvaluator.jl is a script that runs nightly. It attempts to load all Julia packages and run their test (if available) on both the stable version of Julia (0.2) and the nightly build of the unstable version (0.3).
The results of this script are used to generate a package listing enhanced with testing results.
The status of this package, Clustering, on...
'No tests, but package loads.' can be due to their being no tests (you should write some if you can!) but can also be due to PackageEvaluator not being able to find your tests. Consider adding a test/runtests.jl
file.
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I recently had need of an implementation of the method in this paper:
We present the first practical algorithm for the optimal linear leaf ordering of trees that are generated by hierarchical clustering. Hierarchical clustering has been extensively used to analyze gene expression data, and we show how optimal leaf ordering can reveal biological structure that is not observed with an existing heuristic ordering method. For a tree with n leaves, there are 2(n-1) linear orderings consistent with the structure of the tree. Our optimal leaf ordering algorithm runs in time O(n(4)), and we present further improvements that make the running time of our algorithm practical.
I'm not sure I did it the most efficient way possible, but for an hclust of a 5k x 5k distance matrix it took ~50 ms (generating the hclust itself was ~1000 ms). See jupyter notebook here
I initially wrote it for my Microbiome package, but I think it makes more sense to live here if you're up for a PR
I'm in the process of writing a user recipe for Plots.jl to enable plotting of Hclust
see here. Generally, it makes sense to have the plotting recipes live in the package the generates the object, but it would require accepting RecipesBase.jl as a dependency.
Before I get too far into the development I was wondering if this would be a PR that you would be willing to take on.
doc/source/varinfo.rst is not showing up on the readthedocs site for the latest build.
Are there any other functions that are missing from the documentation?
When I built it locally varinfo was there.
Hiya,
In python's sklearn methods like K-Means and K-Mediods take an n_init parameter:
To use their description:
n_init : int, default: 10
Number of time the k-means algorithm will be run with different centroid seeds. The final results will be the best output of n_init consecutive runs ...
I think it would be good to have that here,
particularly since a single run of k-means is fairly poor as a method for clustering data.
Running it several times and taking the best is common practice.
Would it be in the scope of the package to add spectral clustering?
I get this error when calling kmeans
on a sparse matrix:
julia> kmeans(x', 50)
ERROR: no method kmeans(SparseMatrixCSC{Float32,Int32}, Int64)
Could this be due to the StoredArray
change in julia?
The kinds of things mentioned here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098299717300493 are noticeably missing. This is a nice self-contained problem which can be paired with maybe a few others to make a good future GSoC.
Hi, is the algo used for implementing K-Means the naive lloyd iteration? Are there any benefits/necessity of trying other algorithms like pelleg-moore or hamerly? I would like to get started with some API on julia and found the K-Means lib to be a good place to start, is it okay to take it up and work on it?
In the body of _dbscan
the minpts
parameter is used with non-strict inequality, whereas it is used with strict inequality in the body of `_dbs_expand_cluster. They should be consistent, and the usual convention is that the test be non-strict.
I'd create the single-character pull request myself, but I currently don't have the set up to do that easily.
Hello folks,
What about new validation measures for clustering like: Rand index, Adjusted Rand index etc.?
Please take a look at this Wikipage and corresponding publication in Journal of Classification.
The current implementation of kmeans
has the following declaration:
function kmeans(X::Matrix, k::Int;
weights=nothing,
init=_kmeans_default_init,
maxiter::Integer=_kmeans_default_maxiter,
tol::Real=_kmeans_default_tol,
display::Symbol=_kmeans_default_display)
although it calls the function kmeans!
whose declaration is:
function kmeans!{T<:AbstractFloat}(X::Matrix{T}, centers::Matrix{T};
weights=nothing,
maxiter::Integer=_kmeans_default_maxiter,
tol::Real=_kmeans_default_tol,
display::Symbol=_kmeans_default_display)
Here T
is a subtype of AbstractFloat
. This constraint in T
is not present in kmeans
which allows us to call kmeans
as:
kmeans(rand(Int,3,100), 5)
which throws an error.
I also require kmeans{T}
to be constrained with T<:AbstractFloat
because I am dispatching on kmeans
for ImageSegmentation as:
kmeans{T<:Colorant,N}(x::AbstractArray{T,N}, args...; kwargs...)
Continuing the off topic conversation in #12
In R's cluster package, partitioning method results inherit from a common class which contains cluster assignments, silhouette information, value of the objective at the clustering, dissimilarity matrix, and sometimes the original data matrix. Hierarchical methods also inherit from a common class but there's not much information about it in the manual and I haven't looked at the code closely.
Maybe it's more useful to think about what methods should operate on the result of a clustering operation. The obvious one is cluster assignment. Even that is ambiguous for hierarchical methods without specifying some cutoff criterion or number of clusters. Others might be silhouette widths or objective value. In principle those could be applied to any clustering algorithm given a dissimilarity matrix (once cluster memberships are assigned), but for some algorithms you don't necessarily have a dissimilarity matrix sitting there. Fuzzy and model based algorithms would have additional methods.
Based on this brainstorm, types and methods might be
ClusterPartition
store cluster memberships
method to return cluster memberships
method to return silhouette
ClusterHierarchy
store the clustering tree?
method to reduce to a ClusterPartition given some criterion
methods to summarize hierarchy (I'm not to familiar with common approaches here)
ClusterFuzzy
store weighs for each cluster/observation
method to reduce to a ClusterPartition, probably just argmax of cluster weights
summarization
Maybe ClusterModel?
method to reduce to ClusterFuzzy.
I tired to use fuzzy_cmean and the function probably worked.
However, there are no-assignments or counts for FuzzyCMeansResult.
How can we get these values for each datasets?
the two clustering results are different. Julia version did not do any clustering since the assignment is just the index of each object! My similarity matrix is too large to show here.
using Clustering
@time affinityPropResult = Clustering.affinityprop(similarityMatrix)
affinityPropResult.assignments
using PyCall
@pyimport sklearn.cluster as cl
af = cl.AffinityPropagation(affinity="precomputed")[:fit](similarityMatrix)
labels = af[:labels_]
The travis test also did not verify the correctness of the result.
Hello,
In trying to get GaussianMixtures
working with julia v0.5, I am stumbeling on extremely slow kmeans
, which I use for initializing the Gaussians.
v0.5
@time kmeans(rand(10,10000), 5)
19.641323 seconds (3.55 M allocations: 545.293 MB, 0.37% gc time)
v0.4:
@time kmeans(rand(10,10000), 5)
0.084591 seconds (152.87 k allocations: 14.603 MB, 7.42% gc time)
It might be related to
WARNING: slice is deprecated, use view instead.
in depwarn(::String, ::Symbol) at ./deprecated.jl:64
in slice(::Array{Float64,2}, ::Vararg{Any,N}) at ./deprecated.jl:30
in colwise!(::Array{Float64,1}, ::Distances.SqEuclidean, ::SubArray{Float64,1,Array{Float64,2},Tuple{Colon,Int64},true}, ::Array{Float64,2}) at /Users/david/.julia/v0.5/Distances/src/generic.jl:36
in initseeds!(::Array{Int64,1}, ::Clustering.KmppAlg, ::Array{Float64,2}, ::Distances.SqEuclidean) at /Users/david/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/seeding.jl:98
in initseeds(::Clustering.KmppAlg, ::Array{Float64,2}, ::Int64) at /Users/david/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/seeding.jl:22
in initseeds(::Symbol, ::Array{Float64,2}, ::Int64) at /Users/david/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/seeding.jl:34
in #kmeans#2(::Void, ::Symbol, ::Int64, ::Float64, ::Symbol, ::Function, ::Array{Float64,2}, ::Int64) at /Users/david/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:51
in kmeans(::Array{Float64,2}, ::Int64) at /Users/david/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:49
as (repeated) warnings tend to make julia very slow.
It would be great to have an implementation of an algorithm that finds modes of kernel density estimates. Most common algorithm is mean-shift algorithm:
Comaniciu, Dorin; Peter Meer (May 2002). "Mean Shift: A Robust Approach Toward Feature Space Analysis". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (IEEE) 24 (5): 603โ619. doi:10.1109/34.1000236.
A great short (2 page) guide to using mean shift algorithm for clustering http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/TUZEL1/MeanShift.pdf
I initially posted the request at KernelDensity.jl (JuliaStats/KernelDensity.jl#11) but thought it might be better suited here.
I made a pull request: #43
The method uses Inf
irrespective of T
. Ideally, the Inf
, Inf16
, Inf32
should be used based on the parameter T
. Again for Rational
type the method may convert to Float64
.
I tried to use -similarityMatrix
and maximum(similarityMatrix) .- similarityMatrix
, the result is very different. the minus version completely fails, but the other version which makes sure that the distance matrix values are all positive works.
It'd be great if there was a "master" test file to allow PackageEvaluator to run the tests for this package.
Here are all the candidates we currently look for:
https://github.com/IainNZ/PackageEvaluator.jl/blob/master/src/package.jl#L144
In the docs (below), the kmeans
algorithm takes a matrix where each column X[:, i] corresponds to an observed sample. This implementation goes against the idea of tidy data as well as differs from Python's scikit-learn implementation of kmeans and R's base implementation of kmeans.
Is there a good reason for this? Should this algorithm be changed from column-oriented to row-oriented so as to be consistent with R and Python as well as with the concept of tidy data?
URL: http://clusteringjl.readthedocs.io/en/stable/overview.html
A clustering algorithm, depending on its nature, may accept an input matrix in either of the following forms:
I submitted a PR last week that suppressed warnings from Julia 0.4, but these changes never got released. Without the changes, Clustering.jl generates so many warnings that it's hard to use. (Running the unit tests for Clustering.jl generates over 16,000 lines of warning messages currently.) Will you a tag a new release? Thanks much!
Unless there are better ideas, I suggest to rename it into variatinfo()
, because varinfo
really sounds like some information about a variable.
What should be the roadmap for renaming? Introduce the new name and deprecate varinfo()
in the next minor release, then remove varinfo()
after some period of time (6 month or so)?
cc @ararslan
At places the code initializes the nearest neighbor array to 0-index leading to failure. This is particularly for the :single method when one of data points is not linked or a group of data points are not linked.
I get this error when my input vectors are float32:
ERROR: no method _kmeans!(Array{Float32,2}, Nothing, Array{Float32,2}, Array{Int64,1}, Array{Float64,1}, Array{Int64,1}, Array{Float32,1}, KmeansOpts)
in kmeans! at /Users/swade/.julia/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:367
in kmeans at /Users/swade/.julia/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:387
in kmeans at /Users/swade/.julia/Clustering/src/kmeans.jl:390
in include_from_node1 at loading.jl:120
It goes away when vectors are float64. Looking at the code, it seems this is not intended.
The current structure looks good to me. But it can be further extended to allow more options to use it.
I am considering several improvements to k_means:
Currently, it considers each "row" as a sample -- this is not cache friendly, as Julia matrix is column-major. For a large data-matrix, operating by rows may incur very severe penalty due to cache miss.
Also, in typical machine learning literatures, samples are considered as column vectors in general.
Currently, it is
k_means(x, k, opts)
We can add an additional function, as
k_means(x, init_centers, opts)
This function allows users to directly supply their own set of initial centers -- it is quite possible in practice that users can come up with a better initial guess based on their domain-specific knowledge.
Also, you don't have to provide the number k
here, as it can be immediately inferred from the number of columns in init_centers.
Then, the original k_means(x, k, opts)
can then just initialize a set of centers (using kmeans++) and then call the function above.
My benchmarks shows this can lead to over 100x performance gain. Pairwise distance computation is the performance bottleneck of k-means algorithms.
which takes advantage of triangle inequality to reduce the computation of distances.
Would you please me know if you have any feedback on this proposal?
There are two ways that I can contribute to this:
(1) If you grant me the privilege to commit, I may create a new branch for this development, and merge it to the master when both of us agree that it is ready.
(2) I can fork it and do a pull request later. But there can be some hassles if I have to modify it in future for bug fixes or further improvements.
Testing on 0.5.0-dev+5478 gives:
WARNING: both ArrayViews and Base export "view"; uses of it in module Clustering must be qualified
Although ArrayViews.jl now says:
By and large, this package is no longer necessary: base julia now has efficient SubArrays (i.e., sub and slice).
Eventually giving errors like this:
ERROR: LoadError: UndefVarError: view not defined
in initseeds!(::Array{Int64,1}, ::Clustering.KmppAlg, ::Array{Float64,2}, ::Distances.SqEuclidean) at /Users/me/.julia/v0.5/Clustering/src/seeding.jl:98
Not sure if this is a Julia v0.5 issue:
I just installed Clustering and ran the following commands in the REPL:
using Clustering;
clusters= dbscan(randn(3,10000), 0.05, min_neighbors=3, min_cluster_size=20);
ERROR: function dbscan does not accept keyword arguments
in kwfunc(::Any) at .\boot.jl:236
Hello,
I am in the process of making GaussianMixtures compatible with julia v0.5. GaussianMixtures depends on Clustering. It needs the latest commits in order to compile. I don't see a way how I can depend on a specific commit, so the request is to tag the latest commit with METADATA.
Thanks a lot,
---david
Dear All,
I tried to add the package Clustering and Julia is giving this :
ERROR: unknow package Clustering
in wait at task.jl:51
in sync_end at task.jl:311
in add at pkg/entry.jl:55
in anonymous at pkg/dir.jl:28
in cd at file.jl:30
in cd at pakg/dir.jl:28
The computing environment :
Best Regards.
Any plans / interest to add hierarchical clustering to this package? Or is that more appropriate for a different package? In that case, this package should be renamed to Kmeans or some such.
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