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from ic.principal import Principal
p = Principal() # default is management canister id `aaaaa-aa`
p1 = Principal(bytes=b'') # create an instance from bytes
p2 = Principal.anonymous() # create anonymous principal
p3 = Principal.self_authenticating(pubkey) # create a principal from public key
p4 = Principal.from_str('aaaaa-aa') # create an instance from string
p5 = Principal.from_hex('xxx') # create an instance from hex

p.bytes # principal bytes
p.len # byte array length
p.to_str() # convert to string

from ic.identity import Identity
i = Identity() # create an identity instance, key is randomly generated
i1 = Identity(privkey = "833fe62409237b9d62ec77587520911e9a759cec1d19755b7da901b96dca3d42") # create an instance from private key

msg = b”ddaf35a193617abacc417349ae20413112e6fa4e89a97ea20a9eeee64b55d39a2192992a274fc1a836ba3c23a3feebbd454d4423643ce80e2a9ac94fa54ca49f“
sig = i.sign(msg) # sig = (der_encoded_pubkey, signature)

from ic.client import Client
client = Client(url = "https://ic0.app")

from ic.candid import encode, decode, Types
# params is an array, return value is encoded bytes
params = [{'type': Types.Nat, 'value': 10}]
data = encode(params)

# data is bytes, return value is an parameter array
params = decode(data)

from ic.client import Client
from ic.identity import Identity
from ic.agent import Agent
# Identity and Client are dependencies of Agent
iden = Identity()
client = Client()
agent = Agent(iden, client)

# query the name of token canister `gvbup-jyaaa-aaaah-qcdwa-cai`
name = agent.query_raw("gvbup-jyaaa-aaaah-qcdwa-cai", "name", encode([]))

# transfer 100 token to blackhole address `aaaaa-aa`
params = [
	{'type': Types.Principal, 'value': 'aaaaa-aa'},
	{'type': Types.Nat, 'value': 10000000000}
]
result = agent.update_raw("gvbup-jyaaa-aaaah-qcdwa-cai", "transfer", encode(params))