Amazon recently launched a new service where AI models summarize product reviews. For example, here's the AI generated review for this package of uranium ore:

In this lab, you will create your own version of this service. You will use AI to summarize book reviews from the website https://www.goodreads.com/. We'll use a public dataset that contains all activity on this website between 2006-2017. It's approximately 30GB of data, and contains 15.7 million user reviews of 2.3 million books.

The hard part of this project will be to find the reviews for the particular books we're interested amidst all of this data. To accomplish this, we will review basic shell commands.

In this lab, we're going to dive right into the full dataset. The file /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz contains the full set of reviews. Whenever you're working with a new file, there's three common tasks that you should always do: (a) measure the size of the file, (b) count the number of data points, (c) manually inspect the data. Let's see how to do each of these in turn.

The "standard" way to get the size of a file is with the ls -l command. (The -l stands for displaying the "long" format.)

$ ls -l /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz
-rw-rw-r-- 1 mizbicki mizbicki 5381053528 Oct 30 08:48 /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz

In the output above, the number 5381053528 is the number of bytes in the file. This is not a particularly human-readable number, however, so I usually prefer to use the du -h command. (du stands for "disk usage", and -h stands for "human readable output".) This gives the result:

$ du -h /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz
5.1G	/data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz

This is large enough that we won't be able to easily work with the file in memory and will need to use $O(1)$ memory algorithms.

Our file is in JSON lines format, where each line has a single JSON object that represents one data point. Therefore, counting the number of lines will tell us the number of book reviews in our dataset.

In the first part of this lab, you already completed an exercise to count the number of lines in this file. You should have written a command that looks something like:

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | wc -l
15739967

That's 15.7 million reviews.

We won't want to be passing all of these reviews into an AI model at once. Instead, we'll need to search through these 15.7 million reviews to find just the subset of reviews about the book we're writing a summary for.

The most important task when confronting any new file is to manually inspect your file. I've too many students (and professional data scientists!) skip this step. This results in them writing code for data that they don't understand, which makes the code not work, which means they've wasted hours of work. SO ALWAYS MANUALLY INSPECT YOUR DATA BEFORE DOING ANY ANALYSIS!!!

Recall that we saw before how to use the zcat and head commands to manually view the first few lines of a csv file. The same commands will work to visualize a json file, but the output can be a bit overwhelming.

Try running the following command:

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | head

You should get a huge wall of text that is difficult to read.

In order to understand this data better, we'll need to clean up the output a bit using two new techniques:

1. Passing the -n1 parameter to the head command. (This tells head to print only the first line of its input. Since this data file has one line per data point, this will result in printing the first data point.)

2. Piping the data point to python's json.tool pretty printer. (json.tool is a python module, and we can activate any python module from the command line with the command python3 -m modulename.)

Putting it all together, we get the incantation

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | head -n1 | python3 -m json.tool

Which gives output like

{
    "user_id": "8842281e1d1347389f2ab93d60773d4d",
    "book_id": "24375664",
    "review_id": "5cd416f3efc3f944fce4ce2db2290d5e",
    "rating": 5,
    "review_text": "Mind blowingly cool. Best science fiction I've read in some time. I just loved all the descriptions of the society of the future - how they lived in trees, the notion of owning property or even getting married was gone. How every surface was a screen. \n The undulations of how society responds to the Trisolaran threat seem surprising to me. Maybe its more the Chinese perspective, but I wouldn't have thought the ETO would exist in book 1, and I wouldn't have thought people would get so over-confident in our primitive fleet's chances given you have to think that with superior science they would have weapons - and defenses - that would just be as rifles to arrows once were. \n But the moment when Luo Ji won as a wallfacer was just too cool. I may have actually done a fist pump. Though by the way, if the Dark Forest theory is right - and I see no reason why it wouldn't be - we as a society should probably stop broadcasting so much signal out into the universe.",
    "date_added": "Fri Aug 25 13:55:02 -0700 2017",
    "date_updated": "Mon Oct 09 08:55:59 -0700 2017",
    "read_at": "Sat Oct 07 00:00:00 -0700 2017",
    "started_at": "Sat Aug 26 00:00:00 -0700 2017",
    "n_votes": 16,
    "n_comments": 0
}

The JSON object above represents the first review in our dataset. This object contains a variety of information about the review, but notice that the title of the book is not stored in the JSON object. The only information we have about the book is the book_id field. A different file goodreads_books.json.gz associates each book_id with information about the book, like the title, author, and publication year.

In order to figure out which book reviews correspond with which titles, we will have to join the goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz and goodreads_books.json.gz files together. Joining datasets is a notoriously difficult and time consuming process. We will spend a considerable amount of time in this class discussing how to join correctly and efficiently. For this lab, we will use a simple, manual, and slow method. Later in the course, we'll learn more complicated, automatic, and faster methods.

The first step is to familiarize ourselves with the goodreads_books.json.gz file.

Exercise:

Recall that three good steps to familiarize yourself with a new file are: (1) check the size of a file, (2) count the number of lines in the file, and (3) and manually inspect that file. Write one line bash commands to complete each of these tasks. You can use the commands from Part 0 above as a guide.

You should see a large number of JSON fields, but for our purposes the most important are the title and book_id fields. In order to find the title of the book that corresponds to the book review we found above, we need to search through the entire goodreads_books.json.gz file for a line with the appropriate book_id and extract the title field from this entry. We will use the grep tool to search and a new command jq to extract.

grep is the standard tool for searching files on the command line.

Note:

There are many competing implementations of the grep tool. Linux machines traditionally use the GNU grep implementation, which is particularly efficient. GNU grep uses the Boyer-Moore string searching algorithm, which has the nice property that it doesn't even need to examine every byte in the input stream! The author has a mailing list post from 2010 where he describes the implementation details that I recommend (but don't require) you to read.

grep has no knowledge of JSON and works on any text file. It takes a regular expression as a command line argument, and removes all lines in its input that don't satisfy that regular expression. In order to find the book with id 24375664, we will use the following regular expression to match the way this information is stored in the JSON object: "book_id": "24375664". The final incantation is

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_books.json.gz | grep '"book_id": "24375664"'

The command above should output a very large JSON object.

NOTE:

Pay close attention to the quotation marks in the previous paragraph. Since the regex contains a space, it must be enclosed in quotation marks for the entire regex to be considered a single parameter to grep.

Note:

grep and zcat are streaming tools. This means they output their results as they find them, not when the program ends. You will therefore see the JSON object get printed to the screen before the programs end and return control to the terminal. You will know that the programs have ended when the command prompt $ is printed to the screen. Streaming tools can be confusing at first, but they are the reason for the $O(1)$ memory performance.

The JSON object associated with each book is large. Even if we use python3 -m json.tool to pretty print that output, it will be annoying to manually search through the entire object to find the title field. We will use the jq command to extract the title field for us automatically.

jq is a popular command line tool for parsing JSON objects, but it has a notoriously complicated syntax. Fortunately extracting just a single field from the JSON object is not too bad: all you have to do is pass the field name prepended with a dot. For example, .title will extract the title field from the json object and print it to the screen.

Combining zcat, grep, and jq gives us the following 1-liner for finding our book title.

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_books.json.gz | grep '"book_id": "24375664"' | jq '.title'

You should get that the title for our first book review was

"The Dark Forest (Remembrance of Earth’s Past, #2)"

In the previous sections, we saw how to extract a review from goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz and then join with the file goodreads_books.json.gz to get the title of the book that was reviewed. What we're really interested in, however, is going in the opposite direction. We need to start with a title, and then find all of the reviews for that title. This will turn out to be quite a bit trickier due to some messiness in the data. As a running example, we will use the best selling fantasy novel The Name of the Wind (NOTW for short).

First, we'll see that there are multiple book_ids for NOTW. Then we'll see how to perform our join using multiple book_ids at once.

Consider the following command.

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_books.json.gz | grep '"title": "The Name of the Wind"' | wc -l

This counts all of the entries in the goodreads_books.json.gz file with a title field equal to The Name of the Wind. It turns out that there are 4 different entries in goodreads_books.json.gz for the title The Name of the Wind, each with their own book_id. These 4 entries correspond to different editions of the book. (There's a hardcover, a softcover, an audiobook, and a "Tenth Anniversary Edition" hardcover.)

Our command to count the number of entries took a long time to run because it needed to loop over the entire dataset. To save time in the future, it is often good practice to store the results of intermediate steps into a file. We can do this using the output redirection > operator. The following command will take all of the entries for our book and store them in a file called books-notw.json.

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_books.json.gz | grep '"title": "The Name of the Wind"' > books-notw.json

Now we can quickly count the number of books:

$ cat notw.json | wc -l
4

And we can do other processing on these books much more efficiently. For example, we can extract the title from each of these books with the command

$ cat notw.json | jq '.title'
"The Name of the Wind"
"The Name of the Wind"
"The Name of the Wind"
"The Name of the Wind"

Notice that they are all the same and match our regex. The differences between each entry are in the format and edition_information fields:

$ cat notw.json | jq '.format'
"Audio"
"Paperback"
"Hardcover"
"Hardcover"
$ cat notw.json | jq '.edition_information'
""
""
""
"Tenth Anniversary Edition"

And each entry has a different book_id field:

$ cat notw.json | jq '.book_id'
"17353642"
"18741780"
"12276953"
"34347493"

Recall that our overall goal is to get a summary of how readers review the book. For this task, we'll want to summarize all the reviews for all editions, and not just a particular edition. Therefore, we'll need to find the reviews for each of these book_ids.

To complete our join, we need to find all of the lines in the goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz file where the book_id field is one of the 4 book_ids above. As mentioned earlier, grep is the tool of choice anytime we are filtering files on the command line, so we need to write a grep command to complete this join.

One way of doing that would be to write 4 grep commands (one for each of the book_ids), using output redirection to concatenate the results together. (You don't need to run these commands.)

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | grep '"book_id": "17353642"' >> reviews-notw.json
$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | grep '"book_id": "18741780"' >> reviews-notw.json
$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | grep '"book_id": "12276953"' >> reviews-notw.json
$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | grep '"book_id": "34347493"' >> reviews-notw.json

But this is inefficient because each of these commands loops over the dataset separately, and it's awkward to have to manually repeat all of these commands.

It is more efficient to take advantage of grep's regular expression ability to combine all of our search criteria into a single regex, and a single call to grep. We'll use regular expression alternations. Recall that an alternation is expressed syntactically with the pipe character | but has the semantic meaning of "or" inside of a regular expression. Thus, the regular expression

"17353642"|"18741780"|"12276953"|"34347493"

semantically means: find the string "17353642" or "18741780" or "12276953" or "34347493". This is the regex that we want to use with grep.

The following command will extract all reviews with any of these four book ids.

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | grep -E '"17353642"|"18741780"|"12276953"|"34347493"' > reviews-notw.json

The file reviews-notw.json now contains the output of our join.

Note:

Manually generating the regex, then copy/pasting it into our shell command is a bit awkward when the number of book_ids is large. In this note, we'll see how to automate that process.

The following "simple" shell 1-liner generates the regex for finding book_ids:

$ echo $(cat books-notw.json | jq '.book_id') | sed 's/ /|/g'
"17353642"|"18741780"|"12276953"|"34347493"

This is a rather cryptic incantation, and we'll break it down step-by-step to understand it.

1. First we'll take a look at the command substitution $( ... ). We've already seen that the cat notw.json | jq '.book_id' outputs the 4 book_ids each on their own line.
2. We pass that result to echo which replaces all the newlines with spaces. This has the effect of putting all of the book_ids onto a single line.
3. Finally, sed places the alternation operator | between each book_id.

It's okay if this command feels like magic to you right now. By the end of this semester, writing these 1-line shell commands should be easier for you than doing the copy/paste necessary to write out the regex manually :)

Now, instead of manually copying pasting the regex into the command above, we can use command substitution:

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_reviews_dedup.json.gz | grep -E $(echo $(cat books-notw.json | jq '.book_id') | sed 's/ /|/g') > reviews-notw.json

We're not quite done. We still need to sanity check our results.

A simple way to sanity check is to count the number of reviews we've found:

$ cat reviews-notw.json | wc -l
14

Hmmm... that's not a lot of reviews...

The Name of the Wind is a New York Times best selling book that has millions of copies sold. 14 reviews seems WAY too few.

What happened is that there are many more book_ids that correspond to The Name of The Wind that we didn't find. It turns out that the title field inside of the goodreads_books.json.gz dataset is not guaranteed to be equal to the title of the book, like we implicitly assumed above. Instead, the title field is only guaranteed to begin with the title of the book. It is allowed to contain extra information about the book after the title. Therefore, when searching for a book, we do not want to perform an exact match against the book title.

Recall that in Part 2.a above, we searched the file boodreads_books.json.gz with the following regex:

"title": "The Name of the Wind"

To find title fields that only begin with the title of our book, we make the simple change of removing the trailing " to get

"title": "The Name of the Wind

Now, if there is more information in the title field, this new regex will still match.

With this regex, we will find many more than 4 JSON objects:

$ zcat /data-fast/goodreads/goodreads_books.json.gz | grep '"title": "The Name of the Wind' > books-notw-full.json
$ cat books-notw-full.json | wc -l
35

We can see that our new command captures several different titles that a human would "obviously" consider to be the same book:

$ cat books-notw-full.json | jq '.title'

And we can see that these all have many different format/edition combinations:

$ cat books-notw-full.json | jq '.format'
$ cat books-notw-full.json | jq '.edition_information'

Exercise:

Repeat the join process from Part 2.b with the new set of 35 book_ids we found above, and store the reviews in a file reviews-notw-full.json. You may (or may not) find the note at the end of Part 2.b helpful.

Then do a sanity check of counting the number of reviews you found. You know you did everything correctly if you get a number a bit less than 6000.

You won't be able to complete the next section until you've completed the exercise above.

Now that we have our short list of reviews for a particular title, it will be easy to pass these reviews to an AI tool for summary.

Modern AIs like ChatGPT are more technically called large language models or LLMs. There are many ways to interact with LLMs. You've probably in the past used web interfaces like https://chat.openai.com or https://bard.google.com/. These web interfaces are easy for human interaction, but hard for programs to use, and so many API toolkits have been developed to interact with these systems from python. These APIs are still non-trivial to use, so we won't use them in this lab. Instead, we will be using a commandline interface called llamafile.

Llamafile is an open source project developed by Mozilla (the non-profit best known for developing firefox). It is a fairly recent project, having only been announced in November 2023. The idea of llamafile is that every LLM can be packaged as a single, standalone executable file that can easily be combined with other unix processes using pipes. With llamafiles, using LLMs from the shell is trivial.

We'll first see how to download/use a llamafile, then we'll combine it with our dataset to generate our review summaries.

Note:

You can find lots of examples of cool uses of llamafiles at the developer's webpage.

There are many different LLMs to choose from, and each has a different llamafile. For this project we'll use the Mistral LLM. This is a popular LLM because it is open source (Apache 2.0 license) and has a good balance of output quality and speed.

Get started by using the wget command to download the Mistral LLM llamafile.

$ wget 'https://huggingface.co/jartine/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2-llamafile/resolve/main/mistral-7b-instruct-v0.2.Q5_K_M.llamafile'

You should be averaging speeds over 150MB/s. The Claremont Colleges have a very fast internet connection, but your laptops are limited by wifi bandwidth and so can only achieve about 1MB/s downloads. The lambda server, in contrast, is connected by physical fiber optic cables to the internet.

LLMs use a lot of disk space.

$ du -h mistral-7b-instruct-v0.2.Q5_K_M.llamafile
4.9G	mistral-7b-instruct-v0.2.Q5_K_M.llamafile

When loaded into memory, this model takes just a bit less than 16GB of ram to run. LLMs are also notoriously slow computationally and cannot be reasonably run on most laptops.

The llambda server, however, is more powerful than your laptop and can generate text from these models in essentially real time.

Once the download completes, try running the llamafile with the command

$ ./mistral-7b-instruct-v0.2.Q5_K_M.llamafile

You should get a Permission denied error. For security reasons, all files that are downloaded from the internet by default do not have execute permissions set.

In this case, we trust the downloaded executable file, and so we can manually give executable permissions with the chmod command:

$ chmod u+x mistral-7b-instruct-v0.2.Q5_K_M.llamafile

Now, when you run the file

$ ./mistral-7b-instruct-v0.2.Q5_K_M.llamafile

You should get a large amount of debugging output followed by the line

llama server listening at http://127.0.0.1:8080

By default, llamafile provides a web interface for interacting with the LLM. But we won't be using that interface, and will instead use the command line interface.

Press CTRL-C to end the program and return to the command prompt.

We can pass the -f flag to our llamafile in order to specify that the input should come from a file instead of the web interface. We will combing -f with the special file /dev/stdin to enable piping into the llamafile. Here's an example command:

$ echo "[INST]Write 1 paragraph explaining why the shell is important for big data.[/INST]" | ./mistral-7b-instruct-v0.2.Q5_K_M.llamafile -f /dev/stdin

You should see a large amount of debug output, followed by en explanation of why the shell is important for big data.

Computational Note:

The command above is extremely compute intensive. All of the previous commands that you've run have only used a single processor, and therefore they will take the same amount of time no matter how many people are using the lambda server. The mistral command, however, is highly parallel and will use all available compute resources on the lambda server (80 CPUs). The command took me 30 seconds to complete when the lambda server was completely idle, and will take longer as the lambda server comes under load. The overall runtime will be proportional to the number of students currently running the command, so if 10 students are running the command, expect it to take about 300 seconds to complete.

Subsequent steps for this lab do not depend on the output of the command above, so you can stop the command early (by pressing CTRL-C) if you'd like.

The string inside of the echo command above

[INST]Write 1 paragraph explaining why the shell is important for big data.[/INST]

is called the prompt for our large language model. The prompt provides natural language instructions for what the model should do. The Mistral website has guidelines for how to write good prompts, but this is still an active area of research. The most important thing is that the prompt should be surrounded by the [INST] and [/INST] tags and contain instructions on what the AI should attempt to do.

Our next step is to prepare a prompt for the LLM. We will use a multi-line string with command substition.

Run the following command.

$ echo "[INST]
hello world
[/INST]"

Notice that the shell allows multiline strings. Depending on your shell's settings, you may see a > symbol prompting you at the beginning of each line of the string. These > prompts are customarily not provided in tutorials because they make copy/pasting more difficult.

Now we will introduce command substition. Run the following command.

$ echo "[INST]
$(echo hello world)
[/INST]"

You should get the same output as the previous command. The $( ... ) syntax is called command substituion. When the shell encounters this syntax, it runs the command within the parentheses (in this case echo hello world), and places the output of that command (in this case hello world) within the string.

We can now use command substitution to build our prompt. One possible prompt could look like

$ echo "[INST]
Write 1 short paragraph that combines all of the following book reviews into a single summary of the book.
The reviews are:
$(cat ./reviews-notw-full.json | jq '.review_text')
[/INST]
"

This prompt will work, but it is very long because we have so many reviews. LLMs are notoriously computationally expensive, and so we will get results faster if we use only a small sample of the reviews.

Exercise:

Modify the echo command that generates the prompt so that only 20 reviews are used in the prompt. You will have to use the head command with the -n parameter.

Write a 1-line shell command that will output a summary of the reviews. You should pipe the output of the echo command you wrote in Part 3.c above to the mistral llamafile. Paste both your command and its output into sakai.

My command took about 4 minutes to run when the lambda server was under no load. With the lambdaserver under load, your command might take up to several hours to run.