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colore's Introduction

colore

Many tasks require correct and meaningful communication and integration among intelligent agents and information resources. A major barrier to such interoperability is semantic heterogeneity: different applications, databases, and agents may ascribe disparate meanings to the same terms or use distinct terms to convey the same meaning. Even when software applications use the same terminology, they often associate different semantics with the terms. This clash over the meaning of the terms prevents the seamless exchange of information among the applications. The development and application of ontologies play a central role in achieving semantic integration. An ontology is a computer-interpretable specification that is used by an agent, application, or other information resource to declare what terms it uses, and what the terms mean. Ontologies support the semantic integration of software systems through a shared understanding of the terminology in their respective ontologies.

One obstacle to the development of expressive formal ontologies for various domains has been the lack of an adequate set of generic ontologies that can be used to specify the semantics of primitive concepts. For example, any product ontology must refer to relationships from geometry and topology, and different manufacturing standards may require different ontologies for time. It will therefore be necessary to first identify existing ontologies within the research community that will be able to provide these foundations for manufacturing ontologies, and then to integrate these ontologies with the semantics for the terminology of the manufacturing standards.

The objective of the COLORE project is to construct an open repository of first-order ontologies that will serve as a testbed for ontology evaluation and integration techniques, and that can support the design, evaluation, and application of ontologies in first-order logic. All ontologies are specified using Common Logic (ISO 24707), which is a recently standardized logical language for the specification of first-order ontologies and knowledge bases.

An additional application of this work will be the development of new manufacturing ontologies. Several standards exist which support interoperability among manufacturing software systems; of particular interest are ISO 10303 STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product data), ISO 14694 (NC Data), ISO 15531 MANDATE (Manufacturing Data Exchange), ISO 5608 (Cutting Tools), ISO 1832 (Cutting Tool Inserts), ISO 16100 (Manufacturing Software Capability), ENV 12204 (Constructs for Enterprise Modelling), and ENV 40003 (Framework for Enterprise Modelling). There are also several emerging standards in the area of business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce being proposed by organizations such as Open Applications Group, Object Management Group, and RosettaNet; these standards include Semantic Vocabulary for Business Rules (SVBR), Business Process Modelling Language (BPMN), and SysML.

Nevertheless, these standards have many overlapping concepts, and each standard often has a different intended semantics for these concepts. This clash of semantics arises from the lack of a explicit formal axiomatization of the terminology within an ontology. Furthermore, the formalisms currently being used to represent manufacturing concepts are weak; consequently, the standards are difficult to verify by customers, complex to maintain, and costly to harmonize.

By providing ontologies for the above standards, we can enable the integration of manufacturing software applications in domains that require the use of multiple standards. Ideally, ontologies for supply chain management and enterprise integration can be incorporated into manufacturing standards thus avoiding the barriers to interoperability that could result from a lack of harmonization.

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colore's Issues

Problematic/invalid filename?

The filename "ontologies/psl_atomic/atomic*.in" seems to cause pull/merge issues (at least on Windows). My suspicion is that the * is misread as a placeholder. Can this be renamed?

Two copies of owltime2orderings.clif; misnamed?

owltime2orderings.clif, a mapping ontology that we need for the example in the 
DOL paper for CICM, exists twice:

colore$ find . -name owltime2orderings.clif 
./complex/owltime/owltime_instants/mappings/owltime2orderings.clif
./complex/owltime/owltime_interval/mappings/owltime2orderings.clif

The second one has one more axiom.

colore$ diff `!!`
diff `find . -name owltime2orderings.clif`
3a4,8
>       (iff    (leq x y)
>               (or     (before x y)
>                       (= x y))))
> 
> (forall (x y)

The second one is referred to from 
complex/owltime/owltime_interval/mappings/owltime_*.dol, whereas the first one 
doesn't seem to be referred to from anywhere.

Secondly, I wonder whether "owltime2orderings" is the right name.  The pattern 
of the axioms is "iff <some situation in terms of orderings> then <some 
situation in terms of owltime>", and they way it's used in the DOL files is 
also "interpretation NAME : <ordering> to <owltime>".  OK, the "iff" is 
bidirectional, but overall the direction of _writing_ the mappings seems to be 
"ordering2owltime".

Further investigation is not easy for me, as e.g. the symbol "before" seems to 
occur both for intervals and for instants.  Maybe it would help if we used IRI 
identifiers for it, for disambiguating "interval-before" from "instant-before".

Original issue reported on code.google.com by [email protected] on 16 Apr 2012 at 3:09

Mistake in Allen relation axiom?

x all y all z ((di(x,y) & d(y,z)) -> (o(x,z) | oi(x,z) | d(x,z) | di(x,z) | (x=z))).

I was having trouble proving this for Allen relations defined over my temporal theory. Consulting https://www.ics.uci.edu/~alspaugh/cls/shr/allen.html it looks like the rhs should be "concur" or oFDseSdfO

So missing disjuncts on the rhs: fi(x,z) | f(x,z) | si(x,z) | s(x,z)

A version with the missing disjuncts is able to be proved. That doesn't mean there aren't other errors. I did check the other two cases of "concur" and they are fine.

The formula occurs in 30 files:

cd <repo>
grep -r  '(di(x,y) & d(y,z))' .

Module name consistency

There is currently no single consistent module naming convention within COLORE. 
 Some modules use the file name for the module name (e.g. see actocc.clif).  
Other modules use the filename less the extension (e.g. see psl-core).  Some 
use a module name that differs in case from the filename (e.g. see rt.clif).  
Some use the Camel Case naming convention (e.g. see 
orthocomplementedlattice.clif) while others use the hyphen convention (e.g. 
near-linear.clif). 

The CL standard recommends that URIs be used within CL dialects intended for 
use on the web.  Whilst CLIF is not specifically targeting the web, it stands 
to reason that importations within a CLIF file may reference named texts and 
modules that need to somehow be resolved.  URIs are an accepted mechanism for 
doing this.  Also, the intension to eventual deploy COLORE within an "online" 
repository that publishes its content through a collection of RESTfull web 
services.  Therefore, I recommend that the following actions be considered:

1) Obtain an Internet domain name for colore (colore.ca is currently available).

2) Adopt a COLORE file naming convention that uses all small letters with 
underscores separating words (e.g. psl_core.clif).

3) All modules are named according to best practices for designing URIs.  For 
example, http://oor.colore.ca/ontologies/psl_core.  All CLIF texts importing 
the psl_core ontology would refer to this URI which is universally locatable. 

Cameron.

Original issue reported on code.google.com by cross%[email protected] on 26 Aug 2010 at 6:02

syntax errors in sumo-cl.clif?

I'm using this spec:
First Edition along with the error corrections

Maybe these are deprecated, but if not, it seems as though:

cl-text name (e.g.) and cl-import name (e.g.) should be double quoted (main spec A.2.3.11).
single quotes within quoted strings should be escaped (main spec A.2.2.5) (e.g)
and comment phrases (correction spec A.2.3.9) (e.g.) should be double quoted.

What is a test?

A test is a process whose effects are compared to the intended effects of a manufacturing process.

Syntax error in transportation_network

The axiom in lines 134 to 137 is missing something, maybe an "if".
It also does match the English description (probably some precondition about p1 and p2 being paths).

Module Naming, namespacing, etc. discussed guidelines

A summary of guidelines/issues discussed during the Lab meeting on Jan. 17th 
2011:

1)  As per Cameron's suggestion for file naming and module naming: 
- Adopt a COLORE file naming convention that uses all small letters with 
underscores separating words (e.g. psl_core.clif).

2)  In the clif files, include the full URL for module names:
- Ex.  cl-module http://stl.mie.utoronto.ca/colore/generic/time/lp-ordering.clif
       cl-imports http://stl.mie.utoronto.ca/colore/generic/time/lp-ordering.clif

3)  Moving all clif files to this googlecode repository.

4)  Moving the html files (index pages for each directory, etc.) for COLORE to 
this googlecode repository.

5)  Collecting issues regarding name-spacing for CL relations, etc.
-  Ex. For translation definitions between two modules that use the relation 
name "meets" with axiomatizations that are not equivalent, how do we 
distinguish between the two different relations if they have the same name?


Original issue reported on code.google.com by [email protected] on 17 Jan 2011 at 9:32

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