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- Features
- Install
- Introduction and developments
- Feedbacks
- Research with Paddle Quantum
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Copyright and License
- References
Paddle Quantum (量桨) is a quantum machine learning (QML) toolkit developed based on Baidu PaddlePaddle. It provides a platform to construct and train quantum neural networks (QNNs) with easy-to-use QML development kits supporting combinatorial optimization, quantum chemistry and other cutting-edge quantum applications, making PaddlePaddle the first deep learning framework in China that supports quantum machine learning.
Paddle Quantum aims at establishing a bridge between artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing (QC). It has been utilized for developing several quantum machine learning applications. With the PaddlePaddle deep learning platform empowering QC, Paddle Quantum provides strong support for scientific research community and developers in the field to easily develop QML applications. Moreover, it provides a learning platform for quantum computing enthusiasts.
- Easy-to-use
- Many online learning resources (Nearly 40 tutorials)
- High efficiency in building QNN with various QNN templates
- Automatic differentiation
- Versatile
- Multiple optimization tools and GPU mode
- Simulation with 25+ qubits
- Flexible noise models
- Featured Toolkits
- Toolboxes for Chemistry & Optimization
- LOCCNet for distributed quantum information processing
- Self-developed QML algorithms
This dependency will be automatically satisfied when users install Paddle Quantum. Please refer to PaddlePaddle's official installation and configuration page. This project requires PaddlePaddle 2.2.0+.
We recommend the following way of installing Paddle Quantum with pip
,
pip install paddle-quantum
or download all the files and finish the installation locally,
git clone http://github.com/PaddlePaddle/quantum
cd quantum
pip install -e .
Our qchem
module is based on Psi4
, so before executing quantum chemistry, we have to install this Python package.
It is recommended that
Psi4
is installed in a Python 3.8 environment.
We highly recommend you to install Psi4
via conda. MacOS/Linux user can use the command:
conda install psi4 -c psi4
For Windows user, the command is:
conda install psi4 -c psi4 -c conda-forge
Note: Please refer to Psi4 for more download options.
Now, you can try to run a program to verify whether Paddle Quantum has been installed successfully. Here we take quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) as an example.
cd paddle_quantum/QAOA/example
python main.py
For the introduction of QAOA, please refer to our QAOA tutorial.
In version 2.2.0 of Paddle Quantum, we have made an incompatible upgrade to the code architecture, and the new version's structure and usage can be found in our tutorials, API documentation, and the source code. Also, we support connecting to a real quantum computer via QuLeaf, using paddle_quantum.set_backend('quleaf')
to select QuLeaf as the backend.
Paddle Quantum Quick Start Manual is probably the best place to get started with Paddle Quantum. Currently, we support online reading and running the Jupyter Notebook locally. The manual includes the following contents:
- Detailed installation tutorials for Paddle Quantum
- Introduction to quantum computing and quantum neural networks (QNNs)
- Introduction to Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs)
- Introduction to Paddle Quantum
- PaddlePaddle optimizer tutorial
- Introduction to the quantum chemistry module in Paddle Quantum
- How to train QNN with GPU
We provide tutorials covering quantum simulation, machine learning, combinatorial optimization, local operations and classical communication (LOCC), and other popular QML research topics. Each tutorial currently supports reading on our website and running Jupyter Notebooks locally. For interested developers, we recommend them to download Jupyter Notebooks and play around with it. Here is the tutorial list,
-
- Building Molecular Hamiltonian
- Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE)
- Subspace Search-Quantum Variational Quantum Eigensolver (SSVQE)
- Variational Quantum State Diagonalization (VQSD)
- Gibbs State Preparation
- The Classical Shadow of Unknown Quantum States
- Estimation of Quantum State Properties Based on the Classical Shadow
- Hamiltonian Simulation with Product Formula
- Simulate the Spin Dynamics on a Heisenberg Chain
- Distributed Variational Quantum Eigensolver Based on Schmidt Decomposition
-
- Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm (QAOA)
- Solving Max-Cut Problem with QAOA
- Large-scale QAOA via Divide-and-Conquer
- Travelling Salesman Problem
- Quantum Finance Application on Arbitrage Opportunity Optimization
- Quantum Finance Application on Portfolio Optimization
- Quantum Finance Application on Portfolio Diversification
With the latest LOCCNet module, Paddle Quantum can efficiently simulate distributed quantum information processing tasks. Interested readers can start with this tutorial on LOCCNet. In addition, Paddle Quantum supports QNN training on GPU. For users who want to get into more details, please check out the tutorial Use Paddle Quantum on GPU. Moreover, Paddle Quantum could design robust quantum algorithms under noise. For more information, please see Noise tutorial.
In a recent update, the measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) module has been added to Paddle Quantum. Unlike the conventional quantum circuit model, MBQC has its unique way of computing. Interested readers are welcomed to read our tutorials on how to use the MBQC module and its use cases.
For those who are looking for explanation on the python class and functions provided in Paddle Quantum, we refer to our API documentation page.
We, in particular, denote that the current docstring specified in source code is written in simplified Chinese, this will be updated in later versions.
Users are encouraged to contact us through Github Issues or email [email protected] with general questions, unfixed bugs, and potential improvements. We hope to make Paddle Quantum better together with the community!
We also highly encourage developers to use Paddle Quantum as a research tool to develop novel QML algorithms. If your work uses Paddle Quantum, feel free to send us a notice via [email protected]. We are always excited to hear that! Cite us with the following BibTeX:
@misc{Paddlequantum, title = {{Paddle Quantum}}, year = {2020}, url = {https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Quantum}, }
So far, we have done several projects with the help of Paddle Quantum as a powerful QML development platform.
[1] Wang, Youle, Guangxi Li, and Xin Wang. "Variational quantum Gibbs state preparation with a truncated Taylor series." Physical Review Applied 16.5 (2021): 054035. [pdf]
[2] Wang, Xin, Zhixin Song, and Youle Wang. "Variational quantum singular value decomposition." Quantum 5 (2021): 483. [pdf]
[3] Li, Guangxi, Zhixin Song, and Xin Wang. "VSQL: Variational Shadow Quantum Learning for Classification." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 35. No. 9. 2021. [pdf]
[4] Chen, Ranyiliu, et al. "Variational quantum algorithms for trace distance and fidelity estimation." Quantum Science and Technology (2021). [pdf]
[5] Wang, Kun, et al. "Detecting and quantifying entanglement on near-term quantum devices." arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.14311 (2020). [pdf]
[6] Zhao, Xuanqiang, et al. "Practical distributed quantum information processing with LOCCNet." npj Quantum Information 7.1 (2021): 1-7. [pdf]
[7] Cao, Chenfeng, and Xin Wang. "Noise-Assisted Quantum Autoencoder." Physical Review Applied 15.5 (2021): 054012. [pdf]
-
Question: What is quantum machine learning? What are the applications?
Answer: Quantum machine learning (QML) is an interdisciplinary subject that combines quantum computing (QC) and machine learning (ML). On the one hand, QML utilizes existing artificial intelligence technology to break through the bottleneck of quantum computing research. On the other hand, QML uses the information processing advantages of quantum computing to promote the development of traditional artificial intelligence. QML is not only suitable for quantum chemical simulations (with Variational Quantum Eigensolver) and other quantum problems. It also help researchers to solve classical optimization problems including knapsack problem, traveling salesman problem, and Max-Cut problem through the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm.
-
Question: I want to study QML, but I don't know much about quantum computing. Where should I start?
Answer: Quantum Computation and Quantum Information by Nielsen & Chuang is the classic introductory textbook to QC. We recommend readers to study Chapter 1, 2, and 4 of this book first. These chapters introduce the basic concepts, provide solid mathematical and physical foundations, and discuss the quantum circuit model widely used in QC. Readers can also go through Paddle Quantum's quick start guide, which contains a brief introduction to QC and interactive examples. After building a general understanding of QC, readers can try some cutting-edge QML applications provided as tutorials in Paddle Quantum.
-
Question: Currently, there is no fault-tolerant large-scale quantum hardware. How can we develop quantum applications?
Answer: The development of useful algorithms does not necessarily require a perfect hardware. The latter is more of an engineering problem. With Paddle Quantum, one can develop, simulate, and verify the validity of self-innovated quantum algorithms. Then, researchers can choose to implement these tested quantum algorithms in a small scale hardware and see the actual performance of it. Following this line of reasoning, we can prepare ourselves with many candidates of useful quantum algorithms before the age of matured quantum hardware.
-
Question: What are the advantages of Paddle Quantum?
Answer: Paddle Quantum is an open-source QML toolkit based on Baidu PaddlePaddle. As the first open-source and industrial level deep learning platform in China, PaddlePaddle has the leading ML technology and rich functionality. With the support of PaddlePaddle, especially its dynamic computational graph mechanism, Paddle Quantum could easily train a QNN and with GPU acceleration. In addition, based on the high-performance quantum simulator developed by Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) at Baidu, Paddle Quantum can simulate more than 20 qubits on personal laptops. Finally, Paddle Quantum provides many open-source QML tutorials for readers from different backgrounds.
Paddle Quantum uses Apache-2.0 license.
[1] Quantum Computing - Wikipedia
[2] Nielsen, M. A. & Chuang, I. L. Quantum computation and quantum information. (2010).
[3] Phillip Kaye, Laflamme, R. & Mosca, M. An Introduction to Quantum Computing. (2007).
[4] Biamonte, J. et al. Quantum machine learning. Nature 549, 195–202 (2017).