A hand-picked list of graphics programming resources maintained by graphics programming virtual meetup attendees.

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Here is a list of resources suitable for beginners, though intermediate or advanced folks can also benefit from them.

• Learn OpenGL - Learn OpenGL is the definitive resource for learning real-time renderer techniques as beginners. Even though it is an OpenGL tutorial, it also teaches rendering techniques at the same time.
• Ray Tracing in One Weekend series - Those three short books explain basic concepts of path tracing and implement a software renderer from scratch.
• 🎥 CMU's introductory to Computer Graphics course - A comprehensive introduction to various topics in computer graphics.
• Catlike Coding - Focuses on C# and shaders in Unity.
• Book Of Shaders - The author introduces shaders from an artistic perspective, and the book covers many topics that more engineering-focused resources such as "Learn OpenGL" won't cover.

Resources that curate other resources. Some meta links are omitted here if they are mentioned in other categories.

• GPU Optimization for GameDev
• Volumetric Clouds Resources List
• graphics resources
• Awesome Computer Graphics
• Fun with Computer Graphics
• Awesome Graphics Libraries - engines & frameworks
• Awesome Computer Vision
• Awesome Gamedev - Lots of graphics-related stuff.
• Physics-Based Animation - Contains learning resources and papers.
• Digital Morphogenesis Resources - Info About Some Different Simulation Techniques
• Graphics Programming Weekly - Article Database
• Graphics Studies Compilation - Adrian Courrèges - Handy compilation of frame breakdown articles
• Readings on Physically Based Rendering - A collection of resources related to PBR rendering

• Graphics Codex - Free book that contains chapters on physically-based shading and rendering, coding projects, and reference pages.
• Real-Time Rendering, Fourth Edition
• Fundamentals of Computer Graphics 5th Edition

• CMU's introductory to Computer Graphics course
• 6.837: Introduction to Computer Graphics (fall 2020)
• Introduction to Computer Graphics - Cem Yuksel

• How to learn graphics programming (but not in a hurry): self-study edition - A Twitter thread on how to learn graphics programming
• Finding Your Home in Game Graphics Programming - Presents a high-level overview of the rendering world and resources for getting started in the different specializations
• Insider guide to tech interviews - An in-depth analysis of the interview process for experienced developers

• 🎥 Math For Game Devs - Video Series from Freya Holmér

• immersive linear algebra - Free online book with interactive figures.
• Mathematics for Computer Graphics
• Mathematics for 3D Game Programming and Computer Graphics, 3rd Edition
• Foundations of Game Engine Development, Volume 1: Mathematics - Introduces math routines with implementations. It also touches Grassman algebra.

• A trip down the graphics pipeline: the homogeneous perspective transform

• Gimbal lock confusion - Computer Graphics Stack Exchange

• Let's remove Quaternions from every 3D Engine - Introduces Rotors in Geometric Algebra.

• 🎥 The Beauty of Bézier Curves

• On Vector Math Libraries
• GDC18 - Linear Algebra Upgraded - Designs an affine space type library with distinct vector and point types, and also uses template and union hacks to implement vector swizzling in C++.
• 🎥 CppCon 2018: Valentin Galea “Rapid Prototyping of Graphics Shaders in Modern C++” - Also implemented swizzling with similar techniques.

• Circular Harmonics: Digging in circles
• Spherical Harmonics for Beginners - Cover the fundamentals of using Spherical Harmonics without delving into the math deeply
• Spherical Harmonics in Graphics: A Brief Overview
• Spherical Harmonics - Insights And Fundamentals
• Spherical Harmonic Lighting
• Stupid Spherical Harmonics (SH) Tricks
• Spherical Harmonic Lighting: The Gritty Details

• Visualizing Delaunay Triangulation

• Ray Tracing in One Weekend series
• An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display - Turner Whitted's original Ray Tracing paper.
• 🎥 Lecture 18: Monte Carlo Rendering (CMU 15-462/662) - Including a very good introduction to importance sampling.
• Global Illumination Compendium - overview of ray tracing/path tracing techniques.
• Creating a physically-based path tracer

• Physically Based Rendering: From Theory To Implementation Third Edition - The definitive book for offline rendering.
• Ray Tracing Gems - Like other "gems" books, it contains standalone chapters on various ray tracing topics.
• Ray Tracing Gems II
• Advanced Global Illumination - An advanced book that focuses on light transport theory.

• Dartmouth Rendering Algorithms (Fall21) - The course nicely fills the gap between a Ray Tracing in One Weekend style toy renderer to a more general and fully-fledged renderer that PBRT describes.

• Bidirectional Estimators for Light Transport - Introduces bidirectional path tracing.
• Monte Carlo Methods for Light Transport Simulation - the Academy Award-winning Ph.D. thesis by Eric Veach. It starts from bidirectional light transport algorithms and introduces multiple importance sampling and Metropolis light transport

• A Survey on Bounding Volume Hierarchies for Ray Tracing - Excellent overview paper on BVH.
• bvh - A modern C++ BVH construction and traversal library - Implements various algorithms for BVH traversal and construction.

• 🎥 Lecture 19: Variance Reduction (CMU 15-462/662)
• Flavors of Sampling in Ray Tracing
• Stratified Sampling of Spherical Triangles
• Distributing Monte Carlo Errors as a Blue Noise in Screen Space by Permuting Pixel Seeds Between Frames
• A Low-Discrepancy Sampler that Distributes Monte Carlo Errors as a Blue Noise in Screen Space
• Rendering in Real Time with Spatiotemporal Blue Noise Textures series
• What is direct lighting (next event estimation) in a ray tracer?
• Much Ado About Sampling
• Spatiotemporal reservoir resampling for real-time ray tracing with dynamic direct lighting - combines RIS+MIS with reservoir sampling and demonstrates the reservoir merging capability to perform resampling across space and time

• Static Object Intersections - Real-Time Rendering Resource Page - A collection of intersection algorithms.

• Ray Tracing Denoising - Alain.xyz
• Ray Tracing Filtering - Alain.xyz
• Edge-Avoiding À-Trous Wavelet Transform for fast Global Illumination Filtering - Classic paper that introduces a fast and simple filter for real-time ray tracing denoising

See also APIs

• Megakernels Considered Harmful: Wavefront Path Tracing on GPUs

• A trip through the Graphics Pipeline 2011
• Creative Use of GPU Fixed-Function Hardware

• Graphics Pipelines for Young Bloods - Discuss various tradeoffs between different graphics pipeline techniques
• A Primer On Efficient Rendering Algorithms & Clustered Shading - Same as the above article but delves deeper with clustered shading

• Optimizing Software Occlusion Culling
• Nvidia's gl_occlusion_culling example

• Depth Precision Visualized

• ssloy/tinyrenderer - A short tutorial on writing a software rasterizer. Be careful that the tutorial has some rough edges.
• A Parallel Algorithm for Polygon Rasterization
• Scratchapixel: Rasterization Stage
• Triangle rasterization in practice
• Optimizing the basic rasterizer
• High-Performance Software Rasterization on GPUs
• Line Rasterization slides, MIT EECS 6.837, Teller and Durand

• Three Normal Mapping Techniques Explained For the Mathematically Uninclined
• Normal Mapping - Learn OpenGL

• Shadow Mapping - LearnOpenGL
• Percentage-Closer Soft Shadows
• Efficient Shadows from Many Lights
• Reflective Shadow Maps
• Experiments in Hybrid Raytraced Shadows
• 🎥 Michał Olejnik - Raytraced Shadows in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare video presentation
• Using Blue Noise For Raytraced Soft Shadows

• Learn OpenGL: SSAO
• John Chapman SSAO Tutorial
• Screen Space Ambient Occlusion - Louis Bavoil, Miguel Sainz
• Know your SSAO artifacts
• Practical Realtime Strategies for Accurate Indirect Occlusion

• Screen-Space Reflections Explained

• Learn OpenGL: OIT
• Compositing digital images
• Visual glBlendFunc + glBlendEquation Tool
• Order independent transparency blog series
  • Part 1
  • Part 2
  • Endgame

• Graphics Codex: Ray Marching
• Distant functions for primitives - Inigo Quilez
• soft shadows in raymarched SDFs - 2010

• Drawing Lines is Hard - Summarizes the problem of GPU line primitives and introduces techniques for drawing triangulated lines.
• Instanced Line Rendering Part I - Builds on the foundation from "Drawing Lines is Hard" and uses instance rendering to draw lines.
• Instanced Line Rendering Part II: Alpha blending - Continue of the above article, and introduces a way to do alpha-blending with triangulated lines.

• 5 ways to draw an outline
• The Quest for Very Wide Outlines

• Learn OpenGL: Text Rendering
• bitmap font renderer

• Tutorial 30: Basic Tessellation

• VoxelSpace

• Structured Volume Sampling - MIT-licensed implementation of the Structured Volume Sampling technique, along with a simple framework for comparing other techniques.

• Dithering on the GPU - describe a novel algorithm for ordered dithering based on an arbitrary palette

• Modern (Bindless) Sprite Batch for Vulkan (and more!)

• Precomputed Atmospheric Scattering
• Precomputed Atmospheric Scattering: a New Implementation

• Responsive Real-Time Grass Rendering for General 3D Scenes
• Procedural grass rendering - Outerra - Is an inspiration of the following talk
• 🎥 Procedural Grass in 'Ghost of Tsushima'

See also Assets/Materials for PBR materials

• Physically Based Rendering in Filament
• PBR - Learn OpenGL
• Everything (or most things) wrong with learnopengl.com/PBR/Theory
• Crash Course in BRDF Implementation
• Physically Based Shading at Disney
• Deriving Lambertian BRDF from first principles

• Basics of physically-based rendering

• Pyramidal Parametrics - The original Mipmap paper.

• Understanding BCn Texture Compression Formats - describes a family of lossy hardware-based texture compression formats called BCn

• GPU Gems Chapter 20. Texture Bombing
• Texture bombing 3 samples - a shader from Inigo Quilez (modified by huwb) that shows how to perform the GPU Gems technique using 3 texture samples instead of 4!
• On Histogram-Preserving Blending for Randomized Texture Tiling - attempts to resolve artifacts you get when blending two textures together (also only using 3 texture samples, plus a lookup table per texture

• The Book of Shaders
• shadertoy smoothstep demo
• Shader Derivative Functions - Useful for normals.
• How to read shader assembly
• ShaderToy Advanced Tricks

• Introduction to Compute Shaders
• More Compute Shaders
• Even more Compute Shaders
• Compute Shader Glossary

• 🎥 CIS 565 GPU Programming and Architecture - A course that introduce parallel programming with a Computer Graphics flavor.
• Gentle introduction to GPUs inner workings - This article summarizes some lower-level aspects of how GPU executes. It uses the Vulkan API terminology, but the concept is largely platform-independent.
• GCN – two ways of latency hiding and wave occupancy
• Breaking Down Barriers
• How does a GPU Shader work?
• Compute Shaders: Optimize your engine using compute / Lou Kramer, AMD

• RDNA Architecture Whitepaper
• AMU RDNA2 Performance guide
• The Peak-Performance-Percentage Analysis Method for Optimizing Any GPU Workload
• [video] All the Pipelines - Journey through the GPU

• Parallel Prefix Sum (Scan) with CUDA
• Thinking Parallel, Part I: Collision Detection on the GPU
• Thinking Parallel, Part II: Tree Traversal on the GPU
• Thinking Parallel, Part III: Tree Construction on the GPU

• CUDA Pro Tip: Optimized Filtering with Warp-Aggregated Atomics

• Supporting Native HDR Monitors - OurMachinery
• Introduction to Color Theory for Games, Art and Tech - Shahriar Shahrabi
• Tone Mapping - Introduces the theory of Tone Mapping and talks about some commonly used Tone Mapping Operators

See also Ray Tracing/Sampling & Variance Reduction

• A Pixel is not a Little Square! - Classic paper on misconception of "a pixel is a little square." It also serves as an introduction to sampling.
• Basics of Image Resampling
• Computing the Discrepancy with Applications to Supersampling Patterns
• Generating Antialiased Images at Low Sampling Densities
• Temporal Anti Aliasing – Step by Step

• Learn OpenGL: Skeletal Animation
• 🎥 Animation Programming Basics
• 🎥 Animation Graphs

• 🎥 Lecture 10: Meshes and Manifolds (CMU 15-462/662) - Great overview, and also spend significant time on the half-edge data structure

• Interactive explanation of marching cubes and dual contouring
• Polygonising a scalar field (Marching Cubes)
• Dual Contouring Tutorial
• The Transvoxel Algorithm

• Geometry Central - A modern C++ library of data structures and algorithms for geometry processing, with a particular focus on surface meshes.

• 🎥 SIGGRAPH University 2019 Course - An Introduction to Physics-Based Animation - A three-hour fast-paced introduction to Physics-Based Animation
• 🎥 CSC417/CSC2549-Physics-based Animation Fall 2021 - Introductory lecture for a course in physics-based animation.

• Strange Attractors on the GPU series

• The RTX Shader Binding Table Three Ways - Talks about shader binding table with RX12, Vulkan, and Optix
• Chapter 15 "The Shader Binding Table Demystified" of Ray Tracing Gems II - An extension for the above article

• docs.gl - OpenGL API Documentation.
• GLConstantsTranslator - This page has the names of most OpenGL constants with their respective decimal and hex values. It is useful when certain functions return GL constants.

• Learn OpenGL - The highly recommended tutorial.

• Awesome OpenGL - Curated List for OpenGL.

• Using Modern OpenGL to Avoid Common Errors - Talks about using features of post-4.2 OpenGL

• Spec - It is a good idea to keep it open while doing Vulkan Programming.

• Vulkan Guide - The best "Vulkan Tutorial" available.
• 🎥 TU Wien: Vulkan Lecture Series
• vk_mini_path_tracer tutorial - A relatively small tutorial that focuses on path tracing using Vulkan's ray tracing API.
• 3D Graphics Rendering Cookbook

• Awesome Vulkan
• Great Resources - Vulkan Guide

• API without Secrets: The Practical Approach to Vulkan* - Part 1 (there is no part 2)

• VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering tutorial - A tutorial to Vulkan's dynamic rendering extension
• Khronos: Streamlining Render Passes - Introduces the VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering extension.

• 🎥 Khronos Talk on Descriptor Indexing
• Vulkan Descriptor Indexing for Mobile
• OurMachinery's Moving The Machinery to Bindless
• Wicked Engine: Bindless Descriptors
• DethRaid's Vulkan Descriptor Indexing
• A note on Descriptor Indexing
• Vulkan Pills 1: Bindless Textures

• TheMaister's Yet another blog explaining Vulkan synchronization
• Understanding Vulkan Synchronization
• Vulkan Timeline Semaphores

• A simple Vulkan Compute example
• Vulkan Subgroup tutorial. AKA wavefronts

• vk-bootstrap - Library that simplifies the Vulkan initialization boilerplate.
• VulkanMemoryAllocator - Memory allocation library that simplifies Vulkan memory allocation and provides decent performance.
• volk - Meta-loader for Vulkan that allows you to dynamically load entry points required to use Vulkan. It also simplifies the use of Vulkan extensions.
• SPIRV-Reflect - Can be used to extract descriptors and push constant information from SPIRV.

• Writing an efficient Vulkan renderer

• Vulkan Diagram

• Reader Question Answered 1 - Learning D3D12 - A roadmap for learning DirectX 12
• Raw DirectX 12 - An introduction to writing a simple Hello Triangle DirectX 12 application.
• Learning DirectX 12
• Direct3D 12 programming guide

• Resource Binding - Direct3D 12 Programming Guide
• Bindless Texturing for Deferred Rendering and Decals
• Binding Bindlessly
• Wicked Engine: Bindless Descriptors

• Awesome WebGL

• Spec

• Learn wgpu - Tutorial of WebGPU API using Rust and the wgpu library.

• 🎥 SIGGRAPH 2021 REAC: Unity Rendering Architecture
• Efficiently rendering glTF models - A case study on how to design a renderer under modern graphics APIs that can take diverse input

• GPU Driven Rendering - Siggraph 2015

• Siggraph 2019 Hydra - Presentation slides for Hydra, which is an open-source framework to transport live scene graph data to renderers.

• Awesome C
• Awesome C++
• Awesome Rust

• Game Engine Architecture (paid book)
• The Shader Permutation Problem - Part 1: How Did We Get Here?
• The Shader Permutation Problem - Part 2: How Do We Fix It?

• Algorithms for Modern Hardware - This book contains great info on getting the best performance by looking at the actual hardware.

• Game Programming Patterns

• Game Loop - Game Programming Patterns
• Fix Your Timestep!
• Chapter 8 "The Game Loop and Real-Time Simulation" of Game Engine Architecture

• Floating-point in mobile shaders

• Memory Allocation Strategies series
• Memory Management section on Pbrt
• The Memory chapter of Game Engine Architecture
• Object Pool chapter of Game Programming Pattern.
• 🎥 CppCon 2017: John Lakos “Local ('Arena') Memory Allocators” [Part1] [Part2]
• 🎥 CppCon 2017: Bob Steagall “How to Write a Custom Allocator”

• RenderDoc
• Nvidia Nsight Graphics
• Radeon™ GPU Profiler (AMD)
• Intel® GPA
• SpectorJS (WebGL)

A bunch of graphics debuggers above also have profiling capabilities.

• Optick: C++ Profiler For Games
• Tracy Profiler
• Dear Imgui profiler widget

• Optix Denoiser
• FidelityFX-Denoiser
• Open Image AI Denoiser

• McGuire Computer Graphics Archive - OBJ format scenes.
• ORCA: Open Research Content Archive - Free large graphics scene samples.
• Rendering Resources - Benedikt Bitterli - Scenes in Tungsten, Mitsuba, and pbrt-v3 formats.
• NASA 3D Resources - Some assets of satellites, celestial bodies, etc. Various formats.
• Three Dimensional Scans - some three-dimensional scans of animals and statues.
• Stanford 3D Scanning Repository - a bunch of scanned reconstructions
• The Base Mesh - CC0 mesh collection
• PolyHaven - Public 3d asset library, also CC0
• MIT CSAIL Sample OBJ Models - A couple of models provided by MIT
• Intel Sponza and Graphics Research Samples Library - Intel's revamped high-resolution Sponza model and a couple of related pieces
• KhronosGroup glTF Sample Models

• ambientCG - Public Domain materials for Physically Based Rendering.
• Physically Based - A database of physically based values for CG artists

• TU Wien Volume Data - Listed in their collection of publications.
• Open Scientific Visualization Datasets - Large collection of CT scans of various objects.
• Stanford Volume Archive - Several volume datasets (CT/MRI).
• NIH Visible Human Dataset - Cryosection and MRI/CT data of a male and female cadaver.
• MorphoSource - Enormous library of 2D and 3D data, mesh and voxel, of biological samples and cultural objects.
• Osirix MANIX and other test DICOMs