A list of generic tools for parsing binary data structures, such as file formats, network protocols or bitstreams.

• Kaitai Struct (DSL): declarative language used for describe various binary data structures, laid out in files or in memory
• Nom (Rust): Rust parser combinator framework
• Hammer (C): bit-oriented parsing library
• Construct (Python): library for parsing and building of data structures (binary or textual). Define your data structures in a declarative manner
• Spicy (DSL, C/C++, Zeek): a next-generation parser generator for network protocols and file formats
• Hachoir (Python): view and edit a binary stream field by field. Long list of parsers for all kinds of formats
• RecordFlux: toolset for the formal specification of messages and the generation of verifiable binary parsers and message generators (Ada-inspired).
• DataScript Tools (DSL): DataScript is a formal language for modelling binary datatypes, bitstreams or file formats. PDF
• Parsifal (OCaml): OCaml-based parsing engine. Paper: A pragmatic solution to the binary parsing problem. Olivier Levillain
• Haka (Lua): open source security oriented language which allows to describe protocols and apply security policies on (live) captured traffic
• BinData (Ruby): provides a declarative way to read and write structured binary data
• Binary-parser (Node): binary parser builder library for node, which enables you to write efficient parsers in a simple & declarative way
• Gloss (Clojure): turn complicated byte formats into Clojure data structures and Clojure data structures into compact byte representations
• Preon (Java): Bit syntax for Java. A declarative data binding framework for dealing with binary encoded data
• attoparsec and attoparsec-binary: (Haskell): fast parser combinator library, aimed particularly at dealing efficiently with network protocols and complicated text/binary file formats
• Marpa (C/C++, Perl, Go): libmarpa (C)
• Scapy (Python): send, sniff and dissect and forge network packets. Usable interactively or as a library
• libtins (C++): crafting, sending, sniffing and interpreting raw network packets
• libcrafter (C++): high level library for C++ designed to create and decode network packets
• scodec (Scala): Combinator library for working with binary data
• Daffodil (Scala/Java, XML Schema): an open-source implementation of DFDL (Data Format Description Language) capable of describing many industry and military standards and parsing into a infoset, which is most commonly represented as either XML or JSON, and writing back to native format.
• binaryparse (Nim, DSL): In-language DSL for reading and writing binary data supporting all sorts of patterns. Generates an efficient stream based reader and writer for the runtime execution.
• FlexT - a DSL and a tool for generating parsers in Delphi.
• FormatFuzzer (C++): framework for high-efficiency, high-quality generation and parsing of binary inputs

• Synalyze It!
• Hexinator
• 010 Editor
• Kiewtai: plugin for the Hiew hex editor that makes the Kaitai parsers available
• Hobbits: multi-platform GUI for bit-based analysis, processing, and visualization. Has a Kaitai plugin.

Wireshark is a network protocol analyzer that includes dissectors for over two thousand protocols.

• TShark: command line version, can easily be called from shell scripts.
• Wireshark Generic Dissector: add-on, allows dissection of a protocol based on a text description of the protocol elements
• Wireshark Lua: dissectors can be written in Lua (Examples)
• pyreshark: plugin providing a simple interface for writing Wireshark dissectors in Python
• Sharktools (Python, Matlab): Tools for programmatic parsing of packet captures using Wireshark functionality

• Netzob: open source tool for reverse engineering, traffic generation and fuzzing of communication protocols
• Cat Karat Packet Builder: packet generation tool that allows to build custom packets for firewall or target testing
• radare2 (C, with bindings/pipe for almost all languages): Unix-like reverse engineering framework and commandline tools. See Parsing a fileformat with radare2 and Types.
• Veles: open source tool for binary analysis

• EverParse: Verified Secure Zero-Copy Parsers for Authenticated Message Formats. Tahina Ramananandro et. al.
• Nail: A Practical Tool for Parsing and Generating Data Formats. Julian Bangert and Nickolai Zeldovich,
• GAPA: Generic Application-Level Protocol Analyzer and its Language. Nikita Borisov, David J. Brumley, Helen J. Wang, Chuanxiong Guo
• PADS/ML: a functional data description language. Y. Mandelbaum, K. Fisher, D. Walker, M. F. Fernandez, and A. Gleyzer.
• PacketTypes: P. J. McCann and S. Chandra. Packet types: Abstract specification of network protocol messages.
• Zebu: A Language-Based Approach for Improving the Robustness of Network Application Protocol Implementations. Larent Burgy et. al.
• Zebra: Improving the Performance of Message Parsers for Embedded Systems. Jigar Solanki et. al.
• z2z: Automatic Generation of Network Protocol Gateways. Yerom-David Bromberg, Laurent Reveillere, Julia L. Lawall, Gilles Muller
• Yakker: Semantics and Algorithms for Data-dependent Grammars. Trevor Jim, Yitzhak Mandelbaum, David Walker
• BinPAC: Superseded by BinPAC++, which is now known as Spicy
• FlowSifter: High-Speed Application Protocol Parsing and Extraction for Deep Flow Inspection. Alex X. Liu, Chad R. Meiners, Eric Norige, and Eric Torng
• TSN.1: Transfer Syntax Notation One (TSN.1). A formal notation for describing messages in binary protocols
• NetPDL: Markup Language that aims to describe Protocols from OSI layer 2 to OSI layer 7
• Tupni: Automatic Reverse Engineering of Input Formats. Weidong Cui et. al.
• W. Underwood Grammar-Based Specification and Parsing of Binary File Formats. William Underwood

This is obviously rather subjective and definitely not supposed to be a complete list:

• Hachoir parser list and source code
• Synalyze It! Grammar Page
• Nom example parsers
• Corkami posters for file formats
• Kaitai Struct format library
• Catalog of FlexT format specifications. A scraper for them. In a e-mail conversation the author of the tool has claimed that the grammars are available under a MIT license. A CoCo/R-like grammar for the DSL also exists, but is in a bit unfinished state.
• Scapy protocols: layers, contrib
• Wikipedia List of file formats

• Compilers
• Domain Specific Languages
• Digital Forensics, Network Forensics: file format identification, dshell
• Deep Packet Inspection
• Packet Crafting: hping2/3, tcpreplay, netdude, bittwist, netsniff-ng, Trafgen, ...
• Reverse Engineering
• Fuzzing: Sulley, Peach, ...
• Language-theoretic Security (LANGSEC)
• Chomsky hierarchy