Time taken to read words 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Samples Congruent Incongruent P1: Testing the perpetual phenomenon

1. The dependent variable is the performance of participant. The independent variable is the congruent and incongruent conditions.
2. Hypotheses: One hypothesis we can use is: there is a difference between the time used to recognize colors under congruent words condition and incongruent words condition, namely, the Stroop Effect is in existence. Specifically, here we referring to the population means of congruence words group and incongruence words group - average times for the respective groups to recognize the colors. By comparing these means directly, we’ll be able to tell whether there is a difference between the the two groups’ color recognition times. However, it wouldn’t be possible to do the experiment with all potential subjects in the world, so we need to work with the sample we have on hand to make inference about the population means, i.e., to use the observation means, sd and other statistics to infer about the population means. In this case, the observation is the difference between the two groups’ times. With this new data, we can construct new statistics such as means and standard errors. To achieve this, We can use a two-sided paired student T-test to verify. This is because: one, we need to address the uncertainty in sample standard error resulted from the unknown population standard deviation; two, we are comparing the means of two groups that are dependent; three, the same subject is involved under both conditions. Below is the hypothesis to test: H0: mu_diff = 0 (The real difference between group population means is zero) HA: mu_diff != 0 (The real difference between group population means is not zero)
3. Measures of Central Tendency: 􀀀 Mean time taken to read congruent list = 14.051s 􀀀 Mean time taken to read incongruent list = 22.016s Measures of Variability: 􀀀 Standard deviation of congruent list = 3.56 􀀀 Standard deviation of incongruent list = 4.80
4. Data Visualization: Time Taken This graph shows the time taken by each individual in reading words in congruent and incongruent conditions. In each sample, we can observe that the time taken by the participant in incongruent condition is greater than the time taken in congruent condition. The above graph indicates that the highest number of samples lie in the range 6-10. This means the mode is in that range.
5. Results: 􀀀 a = 0.05 􀀀 Number of samples = 24 􀀀 Test = Paired-Sample t-test 􀀀 Direction = 2-tailed 􀀀 Degree of freedom(df) = 23 􀀀 T-statistic(t) = 8.024 􀀀 T-critical value(tcr) =±2.07 􀀀 P<.05 From the above results, we can observe that t > tcr. Hence, we can reject the null hypotheses. These results helped me proving the hypotheses that the mean time taken in congruent condition is less compared to the mean time taken in incongruent condition. Also the t-statistic is greater compared to t-critical value.
6. References: 􀀀 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect 􀀀 http://cognitivefun.net/test/2/ Sample difference Graph 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Sample Difference Frequency