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ca_note's Introduction

計算機組織整理

Chapter 1

basic concept

計算機的 命令(commands) 在高階語言中稱為敘述(statments)(eg. p = x + y*z),在低階語言中稱為指令(instructions)(eg. add $s0, $s1, $s2)。

指令是CPU可以執行的最基本運算(primitive operation),而一步計算機所可以執行的指令的集合就稱為指令集(instruction set)

使用相同指令集所建構的CPIs彼此是相容的(compatible)

學習低階語言所須了解的基本硬體架構(Hardware Information)及指令集稱為指令集架構(Instruction Set Architecture,ISA)

MIPS introduction

CPU一次可以處理的資料量稱為一個字組(word),一個字組是16bits、32bits、64bits等。如果某個CPU可以處理的字組大小為32bits,則我們稱此CPU為32bits的CPU。依據MIPS R2000指令集所造出來的CPU也是一個32bits的CPU。

CPU一次可以處理的資料量也可以由一些硬體的規格看出端倪,例如一個32bits的CPU其一般目的暫存器(general purpose register)ALU也都是32bits。

RISC vs CISC

ISA以1980年為分界,1980為RISC(速度較快)

RISC : 精簡指令集,代表指令數很少,而且只提供簡單的基本指令,目的是希望造出來的計算機能夠比較簡單一些,執行指令速度能夠快一些

CISC : 複雜指令集,指令數多,除了提供簡單的基本指令之外還提供功能強大的複雜指令,目的在提供較佳的程式設計環境以減輕programmer的負擔。

(背)Intel 80x86,AMD Opteron based on CISC.

ISA

Hardware Information

  1. Memory
  2. Register
  3. Instruction format
  4. Addressing mode

Basic Computer Structure

  1. Control unit
  2. Datapath
  3. Memory
  4. Input device
  5. Output device

題目中出現的英文單字

abstraction (n) : 抽象 enable (v) : to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible identical (a) : exactly the same, or very similar term (n) : 術語,專門名稱 memory :

  • 功能是儲存正在執行中的程式,包含他的data跟instructions(一連串的instructions就叫做code)
  • 把Memory當成一個大櫃子,每一個抽屜都有編號(address),抽屜裡可以放東西(content)

CPU : control unit + datapath datapath : CPU裡面的一個電路,是真正執行instruction,處理data的地方 = ALU + Registers (交大資聯考過,課本前後定義不一,考試時以這個定義為準) ALU : 負責執行算數邏輯運算 Registers : 存要運算的運算元和運算的結果

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