(Some of advices are implemented in go-critic)

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• Go Proverbs
• The Zen of Go
• Code
• Concurrency
• Performance
• Modules
• Build
• Testing
• Tools
• Misc

• Don't communicate by sharing memory, share memory by communicating.
• Concurrency is not parallelism.
• Channels orchestrate; mutexes serialize.
• The bigger the interface, the weaker the abstraction.
• Make the zero value useful.
• interface{} says nothing.
• Gofmt's style is no one's favorite, yet gofmt is everyone's favorite.
• A little copying is better than a little dependency.
• Syscall must always be guarded with build tags.
• Cgo must always be guarded with build tags.
• Cgo is not Go.
• With the unsafe package there are no guarantees.
• Clear is better than clever.
• Reflection is never clear.
• Errors are values.
• Don't just check errors, handle them gracefully.
• Design the architecture, name the components, document the details.
• Documentation is for users.
• Don't panic.

Author: Rob Pike See more: https://go-proverbs.github.io/

• Each package fulfils a single purpose
• Handle errors explicitly
• Return early rather than nesting deeply
• Leave concurrency to the caller
• Before you launch a goroutine, know when it will stop
• Avoid package level state
• Simplicity matters
• Write tests to lock in the behaviour of your package’s API
• If you think it’s slow, first prove it with a benchmark
• Moderation is a virtue
• Maintainability counts

Author: Dave Cheney See more: https://the-zen-of-go.netlify.com/

Community uses the official Go format, do not reinvent the wheel.

Try to reduce code entropy. This will help everyone to make code easy to read.

// NOT BAD
if foo() {
	// ...
} else if bar == baz {
	// ...
} else {
	// ...
}

// BETTER
switch {
case foo():
	// ...
case bar == baz:
	// ...
default:
	// ...
}

When you see a definition of chan bool in a structure, sometimes it's not that easy to understand how this value will be used, example:

type Service struct {
	deleteCh chan bool // what does this bool mean? 
}

But we can make it more clear by changing it to chan struct{} which explicitly says: we do not care about value (it's always a struct{}), we care about an event that might occur, example:

type Service struct {
	deleteCh chan struct{} // ok, if event than delete something.
}

You don't need to wrap untyped const in a type, compiler will figure it out. Also prefer to move const to the first place:

// BAD
delay := time.Second * 60 * 24 * 60

// VERY BAD
delay := 60 * time.Second * 60 * 24

// GOOD
delay := 24 * 60 * 60 * time.Second

// EVEN BETTER
delay := 24 * time.Hour

// BAD
var delayMillis int64 = 15000

// GOOD
var delay time.Duration = 15 * time.Second

// BAD
const (
	foo     = 1
	bar     = 2
	message = "warn message"
)

// MOSTLY BAD
const foo = 1
const bar = 2
const message = "warn message"

// GOOD
const (
	foo = 1
	bar = 2
)

const message = "warn message"

This pattern works for var too.

• every blocking or IO function call should be cancelable or at least timeoutable
• implement Stringer interface for integers const values
  • https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer
• check your defer's error

defer func() {
	err := ocp.Close()
	if err != nil {
		rerr = err
	}
}()

• don't use checkErr function which panics or does os.Exit
• use panic only in very specific situations, you have to handle error
• don't use alias for enums 'cause this breaks type safety
  • https://play.golang.org/p/MGbeDwtXN3

package main

type Status = int
type Format = int // remove `=` to have type safety

const A Status = 1
const B Format = 1

func main() {
	println(A == B)
}

• if you're going to omit returning params, do it explicitly
  • so prefer this _ = f() to this f()
• the short form for slice initialization is a := []T{}
• iterate over array or slice using range loop
  • instead of for i := 3; i < 7; i++ {...} prefer for _, c := range a[3:7] {...}
• use backquote(`) for multiline strings
• skip unused param with _

func f(a int, _ string) {}

• If you are comparing timestamps, use time.Before or time.After. Don't use time.Sub to get a duration and then check its value.
• always pass context as a first param to a func with a ctx name
• few params of the same type can be defined in a short way

func f(a int, b int, s string, p string)

func f(a, b int, s, p string)

• the zero value of a slice is nil
  • https://play.golang.org/p/pNT0d_Bunq

var s []int
fmt.Println(s, len(s), cap(s))
if s == nil {
	fmt.Println("nil!")
}
// Output:
// [] 0 0
// nil!

• https://play.golang.org/p/meTInNyxtk

var a []string
b := []string{}

fmt.Println(reflect.DeepEqual(a, []string{}))
fmt.Println(reflect.DeepEqual(b, []string{}))
// Output:
// false
// true

• do not compare enum types with <, >, <= and >=
  • use explicit values, don't do this:

value := reflect.ValueOf(object)
kind := value.Kind()
if kind >= reflect.Chan && kind <= reflect.Slice {
	// ...
}

• use %+v to print data with sufficient details
• be careful with empty struct struct{}, see issue: golang/go#23440
  • more: https://play.golang.org/p/9C0puRUstrP

func f1() {
	var a, b struct{}
	print(&a, "\n", &b, "\n") // Prints same address
	fmt.Println(&a == &b)     // Comparison returns false
}

func f2() {
	var a, b struct{}
	fmt.Printf("%p\n%p\n", &a, &b) // Again, same address
	fmt.Println(&a == &b)          // ...but the comparison returns true
}

• wrap errors with fmt.Errorf
  • so: fmt.Errorf("additional message to a given error: %w", err)
• be careful with range in Go:
  • for i := range a and for i, v := range &a doesn't make a copy of a
  • but for i, v := range a does
  • more: https://play.golang.org/p/4b181zkB1O
• reading nonexistent key from map will not panic
  • value := map["no_key"] will be zero value
  • value, ok := map["no_key"] is much better
• do not use raw params for file operation
  • instead of an octal parameter like os.MkdirAll(root, 0700)
  • use predefined constants of this type os.FileMode
• don't forget to specify a type for iota
  • https://play.golang.org/p/mZZdMaI92cI

const (
	_ = iota
	testvar // will be int
)

vs

type myType int
const (
	_ myType = iota
	testvar // will be myType
)

At some point structure may change and you might miss this. As a result this might cause a hard to find bug.

// BAD
return res, json.Unmarshal(b, &res)

// GOOD
err := json.Unmarshal(b, &res)
return res, err

type Point struct {
	X, Y float64
	_    struct{} // to prevent unkeyed literals
}

For Point{X: 1, Y: 1} everything will be fine, but for Point{1,1} you will get a compile error:

./file.go:1:11: too few values in Point literal

There is a check in go vet command for this, there is no enough arguments to add _ struct{} in all your structs.

type Point struct {
	_ [0]func()	// unexported, zero-width non-comparable field
	X, Y float64
}

To use the 1st one you just need a func, for the 2nd you need a type.

This improves code readability and makes clear what will be invoked at the end of a function.

Use json:"id,string" instead.

type Request struct {
	ID int64 `json:"id,string"`
}

• best candidate to make something once in a thread-safe way is sync.Once
  • don't use flags, mutexes, channels or atomics
• to block forever use select{}, omit channels, waiting for a signal
• don't close in-channel, this is a responsibility of it's creator
  • writing to a closed channel will cause a panic
• func NewSource(seed int64) Source in math/rand is not concurrency-safe. The default lockedSource is concurrency-safe, see issue: golang/go#3611
  • more: https://golang.org/pkg/math/rand/
• when you need an atomic value of a custom type use atomic.Value

• do not omit defer
  • 200ns speedup is negligible in most cases
• always close http body aka defer r.Body.Close()
  • unless you need leaked goroutine
• filtering without allocating

b := a[:0]
for _, x := range a {
	if f(x) {
		b = append(b, x)
	}
}

• time.Time has pointer field time.Location and this is bad for go GC
  • it's relevant only for big number of time.Time, use timestamp instead
• prefer regexp.MustCompile instead of regexp.Compile
  • in most cases your regex is immutable, so init it in func init
• do not overuse fmt.Sprintf in your hot path. It is costly due to maintaining the buffer pool and dynamic dispatches for interfaces.
  • if you are doing fmt.Sprintf("%s%s", var1, var2), consider simple string concatenation.
  • if you are doing fmt.Sprintf("%x", var), consider using hex.EncodeToString or strconv.FormatInt(var, 16)
• always discard body e.g. io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, resp.Body) if you don't use it
  • HTTP client's Transport will not reuse connections unless the body is read to completion and closed

res, _ := client.Do(req)
io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, res.Body)
defer res.Body.Close()

• don't use defer in a loop or you'll get a small memory leak
  • 'cause defers will grow your stack without the reason
• don't forget to stop ticker, unless you need a leaked channel

ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
defer ticker.Stop()

• use custom marshaler to speed up marshaling
  • but before using it - profile! ex: https://play.golang.org/p/SEm9Hvsi0r

func (entry Entry) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	buffer := bytes.NewBufferString("{")
	first := true
	for key, value := range entry {
		jsonValue, err := json.Marshal(value)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if !first {
			buffer.WriteString(",")
		}
		first = false
		buffer.WriteString(key + ":" + string(jsonValue))
	}
	buffer.WriteString("}")
	return buffer.Bytes(), nil
}

• sync.Map isn't a silver bullet, do not use it without a strong reasons
  • more: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/sync/map.go#L12
• storing non-pointer values in sync.Pool allocates memory
  • more: https://staticcheck.io/docs/checks#SA6002
• to hide a pointer from escape analysis you might carefully(!!!) use this func:
  • source: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/86976

// noescape hides a pointer from escape analysis.  noescape is
// the identity function but escape analysis doesn't think the
// output depends on the input. noescape is inlined and currently
// compiles down to zero instructions.
func noescape(p unsafe.Pointer) unsafe.Pointer {
	x := uintptr(p)
	return unsafe.Pointer(x ^ 0)
}

• for fastest atomic swap you might use this m := (*map[int]int)(atomic.LoadPointer(&ptr))
• use buffered I/O if you do many sequential reads or writes
  • to reduce number of syscalls
• there are 2 ways to clear a map:
  • reuse map memory

for k := range m {
	delete(m, k)
}

• allocate new

m = make(map[int]int)

• if you want to test that go.mod (and go.sum) is up to date in CI https://blog.urth.org/2019/08/13/testing-go-mod-tidiness-in-ci/

• strip your binaries with this command go build -ldflags="-s -w" ...
• easy way to split test into different builds
  • use // +build integration and run them with go test -v --tags integration .
• tiniest Go docker image
  • https://twitter.com/bbrodriges/status/873414658178396160
  • CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -ldflags="-s -w" app.go && tar C app | docker import - myimage:latest
• run go format on CI and compare diff
  • this will ensure that everything was generated and committed
• to run Travis-CI with the latest Go use travis 1
  • see more: https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-build/blob/master/public/version-aliases/go.json
• check if there are mistakes in code formatting diff -u <(echo -n) <(gofmt -d .)

• prefer package_test name for tests, rather than package
• go test -short allows to reduce set of tests to be runned

func TestSomething(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("skipping test in short mode.")
	}
}

• skip test depending on architecture

if runtime.GOARM == "arm" {
	t.Skip("this doesn't work under ARM")
}

• track your allocations with testing.AllocsPerRun
  • https://godoc.org/testing#AllocsPerRun
• run your benchmarks multiple times, to get rid of noise
  • go test -test.bench=. -count=20

• quick replace gofmt -w -l -r "panic(err) -> log.Error(err)" .
• go list allows to find all direct and transitive dependencies
  • go list -f '{{ .Imports }}' package
  • go list -f '{{ .Deps }}' package
• for fast benchmark comparison we've a benchstat tool
  • https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/perf/cmd/benchstat
• go-critic linter enforces several advices from this document
• go mod why -m <module> tells us why a particular module is in the go.mod file
• GOGC=off go build ... should speed up your builds source
• The memory profiler records one allocation every 512Kbytes. You can increase the rate via the GODEBUG environment variable to see more details in your profile.
  • by https://twitter.com/bboreham/status/1105036740253937664

• dump goroutines https://stackoverflow.com/a/27398062/433041

go func() {
	sigs := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
	signal.Notify(sigs, syscall.SIGQUIT)
	buf := make([]byte, 1<<20)
	for {
		<-sigs
		stacklen := runtime.Stack(buf, true)
		log.Printf("=== received SIGQUIT ===\n*** goroutine dump...\n%s\n*** end\n", buf[:stacklen])
	}
}()

• check interface implementation during compilation

var _ io.Reader = (*MyFastReader)(nil)

• if a param of len is nil then it's zero
  • https://golang.org/pkg/builtin/#len
• anonymous structs are cool

var hits struct {
	sync.Mutex
	n int
}
hits.Lock()
hits.n++
hits.Unlock()

• httputil.DumpRequest is very useful thing, don't create your own
  • https://godoc.org/net/http/httputil#DumpRequest
• to get call stack we've runtime.Caller https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/#Caller
• to marshal arbitrary JSON you can marshal to map[string]interface{}{}
• configure your CDPATH so you can do cd github.com/golang/go from any directore
  • add this line to your bashrc(or analogue) export CDPATH=$CDPATH:$GOPATH/src
• simple random element from a slice
  • []string{"one", "two", "three"}[rand.Intn(3)]