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Traffic Manipulator is a black-box traffic mutation tool which can effectively and efficiently generate adversarial crafted traffic to evade learning-based NIDSs while preserving the original functionality. Traffic Manipulator is practical, generic and model-agnostic.

As shown in the above figure, Traffic Manipulator employs Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to search approximate solutions in the high-dimensional discrete traffic space. Given an original (malicious) network traffic set and a target feature set, this tool can generate a mutated network traffic that its features extracted by a specific extractor will be as similar as possible to the target feature set.

• Special Python dependencies: cython and scapy
• The source code has been tested with Python 3.6 on a Linux 64bit and Win10 64bit machine

To install scapy and cython, run in the terminal:

pip install scapy
pip install cython

Requirements.txt

Cython==0.29.11
matplotlib==3.0.3
numpy==1.18.5
scapy==2.4.2
scipy==1.4.1

1. Prepare the targeted system and malicious traffic: First, you need to select a targeted learning-based NIDS (including a feature extractor and a learning model in most cases). You may also select training and test set, and then compile the training set and train the model.

2. Prepare a target benign feature set to mimic: Second, the target feature set (which is classified as benign by the targeted system) need to be selected. This can be down by simply using benign features. Besides, an advanced GAN-based method to generate more suitable adversarial features can be found in our paper.

3. Tune parameters of Traffic Manipulator and begin to attack： Before running this tool, the last step is to set parameters.

See line 31 in main.py :

# Choose Params
m.change_particle_params(w=0.6,c1=0.7,c2=1.4)
m.change_pso_params(max_iter=5,particle_num=10,grp_size=5)
m.change_manipulator_params(grp_size=5,
                            min_time_extend=0.,
                            max_time_extend=5.,
                            max_cft_pkt=4,
                            max_crafted_pkt_prob=0.3)

There are basically 9 parameters in our algorithm, which can be divided into 3 groups:

• Internal parameters in PSO (in terms of velocity update):

  1. w : wight of inertia
  2. c1: wight of cognitive force
  3. c2: wight of social force

• Internal parameters in PSO (in terms of searching configuration):

  4. max_iter: iterations of searching
  5. particle_num: total number of particles (population)
  6. grp_size: number of particles per neighborhood

• manipulator parameters :

  7. grp_size: number of network packets mutated for each processing (Notice it's different from the above grp_size)
  8. max_time_extend: the interarrival time of each two mutated packets in mutated traffic is no more than max_time_extend times original interarrival time.
  9. max_cft_pkt: the maximum number of crafted packets aggregated with one original packet.

Simply, if you wish higher performance, increase Param 4,5,6 and 8, 9 gracefully. And if you wish to speed up results, decrease Param 4,5,6.

Kitsune [NDSS '18] is a state-of-the-art deep learning-based NIDS, more information can be found in this link. In this example, we use Traffic Manipulator to evade Kitsune (i.e., generate mutated malicious traffic which can be classified as benign by Kitsune).

1. Compiling cython file in AfterImage as follows:

   cd AfterImageExtractor/
   python setup.py build_ext --inplace
   

2. Training KitNET (learning model in Kitsune) with the training set: (Note that you must under TrafficManipulator/ path, so cd .. first)

   cd ../
   python KitNET/model.py -M train -tf example/train_ben.npy
   

3. Executing KitNET with the original malicious traffic:

   python KitNET/model.py -M exec -tf example/test.npy -rf example/test_rmse.pkl
   

The RMSE of original malicious traffic reported by KitNET is as follows:

4. Generating Normalizer for Kitsune (see This issue for details)

   Using main.py to mutate your traffic (You can use python main.py -h for more details about the arguments):

   python tools.py
   python main.py -m example/test.pcap -b example/mimic_set.npy -n example/normalizer.pkl -i example/init.pcap
   

5. Evaluating the effectness of mutated traffic (You can use python eval.py -h for more details about the arguments):

   python eval.py -op example/test.pcap -or example/test_rmse.pkl -of example/test.npy -b example/mimic_set.npy -n example/normalizer.pkl
   

The result should look like the figure below:

For more experimental results and analysis (including attacks on multiple targeted systems, execution overhead, attack overhead, functional verification, etc.), please refer to our paper.

We implemented the feature extractor AfterImage based on the open-source code released by Kitsune. Here is an example for extracting features from raw packets:

python extractor.py -i ./example/test.pcap -o ./example/test.npy

This source code is part of our work accepted by IEEE JSAC:

Evaluating and Improving Adversarial Robustness of Machine Learning-Based Network Intrusion Detectors

Its pre-print version is available at here.

You can find more details in this paper, and if you use the source code, please cite the paper as follows:

D. Han et al., "Evaluating and Improving Adversarial Robustness of Machine Learning-Based Network Intrusion Detectors," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2021.3087242.

(or BibTex:)

@ARTICLE{9448103,
author={Han, Dongqi and Wang, Zhiliang and Zhong, Ying and Chen, Wenqi and Yang, Jiahai and Lu, Shuqiang and Shi, Xingang and Yin, Xia},
journal={IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications},
title={Evaluating and Improving Adversarial Robustness of Machine Learning-Based Network Intrusion Detectors},
year={2021},
volume={},
number={},
pages={1-1},
doi={10.1109/JSAC.2021.3087242}}