• E/16/039, Nimashi Uthpala, email
• E/16/087, Sachini Dissanayaka, email
• E/16/126, Naduni Hansika, email

• Dr. Damayanthi Herath, email
• Dr. Rajith Vidanaarachchi, email
• Dr. Samal Dharmarathna, email

The rapid pace of urbanization has resulted in significant traffic congestion in urban areas worldwide. This has led to several issues, such as increased air pollution, economic losses, and fuel waste. To address these issues, it is essential to develop innovative and sustainable mobility solutions. Micro-mobility is emerging as a promising option for efficient and sustainable urban transportation, and it can be studied using agent-based models (ABMs). ABMs offer several advantages for analyzing urban transportation and sustainability, including the ability to model complex systems, explore multiple scenarios, and study the effects of individual behaviors on the system as a whole. This project aims to investigate the impact of micro-mobility solutions on urban transportation in Sri Lanka, which is currently facing significant traffic issues. The study utilizes two ABMs created with MATSim. The first model is based on current traffic data from Kandy city and is used to identify the most congested areas and time periods. The second model is based on a simple network and focuses on introducing bicycle lanes parallel to main roads to reduce traffic congestion. The study compares the results and evaluates the impact of micro-mobility on traffic congestion. The findings of the study suggest that micro-mobility solutions, such as introducing bicycle lanes parallel to main roads, can significantly reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. The study concludes with a discussion of potential improvements to the model and future research directions. Overall, this research highlights the potential of micro-mobility in achieving sustainable outcomes in urban transportation and emphasizes the importance of utilizing ABMs for the analysis of transportation systems.

Traffic congestion is one of the most important factors we must address in order to maintain sustainable transportation in urban areas, as it has already resulted in several other major issues, such as air pollution, climate change, high energy consumption, and time waste. As a result, we can conclude that traffic congestion has a significant impact on society and the economy. Supporting sustainable mobility is currently one of the most commonly accepted aims in transportation policies. Micro mobility is a fast-growing new trend in urban mobility that has the potential to help alleviate many of the current transportation-related challenges impacting cities worldwide.

Urban transportation systems have seen dramatic changes in recent years as a result of the growth of micro-mobility. Micro-mobility has the potential to be a remarkable sustainable transportation solution for traffic congestion. Most micro-mobility trips tend to be short in distance and take less time, according to study data. A lightweight, small-scale transport mechanism weighing less than 350kg and traveling at less than 45kmph is classified as micro-mobility. Micro-mobility devices include bicycles, electric scooters, electric bikes, hoverboards, segways, and electric skateboards, which can be either human-powered or electric and can be privately owned or shared.

The encouragement of micro-mobility devices and systems is predicted to contribute to the resolution of traffic congestion and air pollution. Additionally, micro-mobility modes are popular due to their ease of use, low noise, ease of obtaining parking space, energy efficiency, and, most significantly, their environmental friendliness and elimination of harmful vehicle exhaust. Micro-mobility devices, such as e-scooters and e-bikes, are far less expensive than buying or renting a car. Also, because e-scooters and other micro-mobility devices have fewer parts and do not require gasoline, owners can save money on maintenance and fuel.

Micro-mobility has developed in favor in recent years as a shared means of transportation that can be rented via software on connected mobile phones and other portable smart devices, owing to advancements in mobile computing. The increasing popularity of micro-mobility, especially for first and last-kilometer travel, has also helped to raise awareness of active modes of transportation, which offer health benefits for urban residents. People may now find both classic micro-vehicles like bicycles and modern ones like e-scooters, e-bikes, and many other electrically powered micro-vehicles all around the world.

Even though micro-mobility has many advantages, as previously stated, in real-world scenarios, micro-vehicles could cause problems on roads where traffic flows are not properly managed because they increase the complexity of interactions between pedestrians, cyclists, and other modes of transportation such as motor vehicles, according to literature. There are several safety measures to consider when utilizing micro-mobility since micro-mobility devices represent major safety issues, which is why many cities and governments are still unwilling to promote them. Because micro-mobility devices do not provide protection, unlike automotive airbags, some believe their usage to be hazardous. As a result, it is critical to underline that it is required to forecast traffic flows in advance before introducing such a mobility solution to a city. Traffic simulation technologies play a crucial role in traffic management, taking into account demand and road network infrastructure. As a consequence, it appears that new regulations and infrastructure will be necessary for society when adopting micro-mobility as a solution to traffic congestion in metropolitan areas.

ABM is a computational and modeling framework that is used to simulate dynamic processes involving autonomous agents. ABMs provide previously unavailable capabilities for modeling individual behaviors and their effects on others. The amount of articles published in modeling and applications journals reflects the increased interest in Agent-based modeling (ABM). According to literature, there has also been an increase in demand for courses and training programs in this area. According to literature, the field is currently heading toward the development of large-scale systems geared to provide data for analysis and decision-making.

There are several case studies and research done with agent-based models for micro-mobility and agent-based models for the traffic simulation approach. Many studies have been conducted to control traffic in urban areas utilizing micro-mobility and agent-based traffic simulation tools. In our research, we introduced micro-mobility to Sri Lankan cities by using an Agent-based model in order to reduce traffic congestion.

We analyzed case studies and research on agent-based models for micro-mobility and agent-based models for traffic simulation during the literature review. Numerous research on traffic control in urban areas have been carried out using micro-mobility and agent-based traffic simulation technologies. We aimed to investigate and evaluate some of those case studies and experiments carried out in various areas throughout the world to replicate various sorts of traffic congestion. We looked at 16 case studies published between 2014 and 2022 gathered from academic research sources such as ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus.

The publications chosen were chosen primarily based on the purposes of their case studies. We used the terms "agent-based models for micro-mobility" and "agent-based models for traffic simulation" to find the publications. First, we reviewed a number of publications returned in the search results that were published between 2014 and 2022. We looked at topics like the types of traffic they were exploring, the types of agent-based traffic simulation tools they used, the transportation modes examined, and the sources of the datasets utilized when reading the articles. Based on our research, we selected 16 case cases to be critically examined. We assessed the case studies once they were completed using six criteria.

• The location where they did their experiment
• Purpose of the research
• Traffic simulation tool used
• Transportation modes that they used as the agents of their simulation
• Data set used & how it was collected
• How they validated and evaluated their results

The case studies chosen can be divided into two categories: mixed traffic simulations and bicycle traffic simulations. The majority of the research for this study was conducted in the United States and the Europe. Additional case studies have been conducted in countries such as Vietnam, and Singapore (1 case study in each country).

Several ABM simulation technologies were utilized to simulate the ABMs in the case studies we chose. MATSim was the most commonly used simulation tool (used in 8 case studies), and GAMA was utilized in two case studies. NetLogo, SimMobility, GemSim, and OD Matrix were the least used simulation tools. For each of those simulation tools, we discovered one case study.

The majority of research configured and validated ABMs using publicly available data. They employed sources such as the literature, questionnaires, and traffic flow video footage to find traffic-related statistics (number of cyclists/vehicles on the network at a particular moment). The case studies' conclusions were validated primarily by comparing them to predefined scenarios and traffic recordings obtained on the road.

MATSim (Multi-Agent Transport Simulation) is a powerful tool for simulating transportation systems and traffic flow. It allows us to create a detailed model of a transportation network and the agents that use it, such as drivers, pedestrians, and public transit users.

To reproduce traffic congestion using MATSim, we need to create a simulation scenario that accurately represents the transportation system we want to model. Here are the basic steps we followed:

For the research, we chose Kandy City, Sri Lanka as the case study location. The kandy city is one of the busiest urban areas and experiences a variety of traffic types in Sri Lanka. The types of traffic that can be seen in Kandy city, Sri Lanka include private vehicles, public transport, pedestrian traffic, tourist traffic, commercial traffic, and two- and three-wheelers. These different types of traffic can contribute to traffic congestion and flow issues, particularly during peak hours. Effective traffic management and transportation planning are important to ensure the smooth flow of traffic in Kandy city. To simulate city traffic, a small area of Kandy, including the city center, was chosen.

Road network data: This includes data on the road layout, geometry, and connectivity in the study area. The road network of Kandy city is obtained from OpenStreetMap including information such as speed limits, one-way streets, and turn restrictions. In the context of transportation modeling with MATSim, OSM data can be used as input to create a detailed network of roads and other transportation infrastructure. This network can be combined with travel demand data and other inputs to simulate transportation systems and analyze traffic flow and congestion.

This includes data on the number and characteristics of travelers in the study area, such as their origin and destination, travel mode choice, and travel behavior. The data is collected from a study done in 2011{cite}. The study area is further defined as falling within two rings based on the orientation of the road network and land use formations within Kandy city. The inner ring is known as the Central Business District (CBD), while the outer ring is known as the Study Area (SA). The CBD is identified separately because it contains several traffic generators and attractors, such as a number of popular schools, the General Hospital, the Sacred Temple of the Tooth Relic, and commercial and administrative services.

In terms of introducing micro-mobility options, there are several possibilities depending on the existing infrastructure and transportation network. These are some potential options for introducing micro-mobility in Kandy city include:

Creating dedicated bicycle lanes on existing roads can help promote cycling as a safe and convenient mode of transportation. This can be particularly effective in areas with heavy traffic congestion.

Establishing a bike-sharing scheme in Kandy city can make bicycles more accessible to residents and visitors, particularly for short trips around the city.

Electric bicycles and scooters are becoming increasingly popular in urban areas around the world. Introducing e-bikes and e-scooters in Kandy city can provide a convenient and sustainable mode of transportation for short trips.

In our research, we attempted to implement parallel bicycle lanes in the city. We took into account the type of vehicle used, the purpose of the trip, and the average number of people who travel by different modes of transportation. We replaced the number of cars that travel on non-home-based trips on Kandy city roads with bicycles based on the average number of passengers that travel in the car based on the research stats. According to sources, 17% of trip purposes are Non-home-based other trips (NHBO) and 2% are Non-home-based education trips (NHBE). As a result, 19% of non-home-based trips were taken to replace 19% of cars with bicycles. The number of cars that have been replaced by bicycles is calculated using the Passenger Car Unit(PCU) (/cite). Based on that, one car can be replaced by two cars. We created four scenarios for four linked networks in order to introduce parallel bicycle lanes on the city's most congested roads.

To create scenarios, 100 agents were chosen, and because 19% of trips can be taken as non-based-home trips. The use of the scenarios is defined in the table below. In scenarios one and two, we attempted to run all 100 agents on a single road at the same speed for all links while varying the link speeds to demonstrate the speed variation of the road condition. The agents were given three different time frames in which they were expected to return from their trips. In scenarios three and four, we replaced 19 cars with 38 bicycles while maintaining the same conditions as in the first two scenarios and attempted to figure out how parallel bicycle lanes could be affected in order to reduce traffic congestion and how it could affect policy making.

In this section, we present the results of simulating the case study in order to identify the real traffic in Kandy city, as well as the four different scenarios that were used to implement parallel bicycle lanes on the most congested roads. We considered the data of the CBD of Knady city as mentioned in the previous section and used 500 car agents to create the current model. To plan the trips of the vehicle agents, four major nodes that people use to enter the city were considered. All agents begin and end their journeys at one of these nodes. It essentially depicts how the car agents move through the city. The simulation can be used to track the most congested roads as well as the duration of the traffic jam. We observed the most congested links for starting and returning trips after running the simulation 100 times, as shown in the figures

Links that are highly saturated are shown in red(10% of the sample data) and medium saturated are in yellow. However, it is observed that these are not congested links, as the actual traffic volume in these cases may be much lower or higher than the actual free flow capacity. The visualization shows where large numbers of vehicles are moving in the network with the additional width setting based on the absolute volume. In MATSim, vehicles typically travel very close to the free-flow speed, unless there are more vehicles on a link than the flow capacity allows for. In such cases, the vehicles are held back in MATSim, resulting in a longer travel time on that link and thus a lower speed.

Following the identification of congested roads, the next step is to introduce parallel bicycle lanes to those congested roads. These are the results obtained by simulating the four scenarios 1000 times in the MATSim tool.

The CO2 emissions are calculated using the tool (), assuming that each car runs on petrol.The following calculations show how co2 is calculated for car agents traveling on the one-link network that is used for scenarios in order to compare the benefit over the environment.

• CO2 emission per car = 0.001t
• CO2 emission for 100 cars = 0.001*100 = 0.1t
• CO2 emission for 81 cars = 0.001*81 = 0.081t
• Reduction of CO2 emission due to reducing number of cars = 0.1 - 0.081 = 0.019t

In recent years, the rise of micro-mobility options such as bicycles and electric scooters have gained attention as a promising solution to traffic congestion, air pollution, and other transportation-related issues. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on micro-mobility by examining its potential impact on Sri Lankan roads using a simple road network comprising three links that connect four vertices. The experiment focused solely on cars and bicycles as the two transport modes, without considering parallel lanes, to simplify calculations.

The results of the study showed a significant reduction in travel time, with a 17.707% average decrease in total travel time for all passengers. Furthermore, the experiment demonstrated and 19% reduction in CO2 emissions, suggesting that micro-mobility could be an effective means of reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality.

However, to achieve more realistic results when comparing similar network infrastructures, several factors should be considered. For instance, mixed traffic should be taken into account, as different types of vehicles may behave differently on the roads, potentially affecting travel time and other outcomes. Parallelly driven vehicles, which vary in width, also need to be considered, as they may affect the overall road capacity and travel time. Road signs and traffic lights must be considered where necessary, as they play an essential role in regulating traffic flow and reducing accidents.

Moreover, road conditions can affect travel time, and it is essential to factor in these variations when assessing the potential impact of micro-mobility. In the current study, bad road conditions were represented by reducing the maximum speed of the vehicles on the roads. However, future studies should capture the full range of road conditions to arrive at more accurate results.

Additionally, in situations where road widening is not feasible, other practical methods must be identified to introduce micro-mobility to the current traffic. For example, dedicated bicycle lanes can be created on existing roads, or public transportation options can be integrated with micro-mobility solutions to offer a more comprehensive range of options.

In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that micro-mobility options, such as bicycles, have the potential to significantly reduce travel time and CO2 emissions, particularly on simple road networks. However, for future studies to provide more realistic results and inform policy decisions, it is necessary to consider various factors that may impact the performance of micro-mobility on the roads.

One key recommendation for future studies is to increase the number of vehicles traveling on the road network, as this would enable the identification of congested areas with greater accuracy. This can be accomplished using tools such as "Simunto Via" by purchasing an educational or commercial license. Another recommendation is to include mixed traffic scenarios in the model, with a particular focus on adding three-wheelers, public transport, and motorbikes, which are commonly used modes of transportation in Sri Lanka.

As the next steps of this project, we plan to calibrate this conceptual model with real data to identify congested roads in Sri Lankan cities and study the behavior and impacts of micro-mobility modes. With the results we obtain, we can make recommendations to transportation policymakers, such as the implementation of dedicated bicycle lanes to reduce road traffic congestion.

Moreover, this research opens doors to many other research areas in different fields such as civil engineering, town planning, and social sciences. Based on the findings of this study, researchers can further explore topics such as commuters' behaviors, mode choice of the commuters, and the impact of micro-mobility in situations such as fuel price increases, bus fare decreases, and public transportation development.

In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of micro-mobility in reducing travel time and CO2 emissions. It highlights the need for future studies to consider various factors that may impact the performance of micro-mobility on the roads and calls for further research to be conducted in related fields to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the potential impact of micro-mobility.