Residual in GMRES about mmmfe-st-dd HOT 9 CLOSED

function [x, e] = gmres( A, b, x, max_iterations, threshold)
  n = length(A);
  m = max_iterations;

  % use x as the initial vector
  r = b - A * x;

  b_norm = norm(b);
  error = norm(r) / b_norm;

  % initialize the 1D vectors
  sn = zeros(m, 1);
  cs = zeros(m, 1);
  %e1 = zeros(n, 1);
  e1 = zeros(m+1, 1);
  e1(1) = 1;
  e = [error];
  r_norm = norm(r);
  Q(:,1) = r / r_norm;
  beta = r_norm * e1;     %Note: this is not the beta scalar in section "The method" above but the beta scalar multiplied by e1
  for k = 1:m

    % run arnoldi
    [H(1:k+1, k) Q(:, k+1)] = arnoldi(A, Q, k);
    
    % eliminate the last element in H ith row and update the rotation matrix
    [H(1:k+1, k) cs(k) sn(k)] = apply_givens_rotation(H(1:k+1,k), cs, sn, k);
    
    % update the residual vector
    beta(k + 1) = -sn(k) * beta(k);
    beta(k)     = cs(k) * beta(k);
    error       = abs(beta(k + 1)) / b_norm;

    % save the error
    e = [e; error];

    if (error <= threshold)
      break;
    end
  end
  % if threshold is not reached, k = m at this point (and not m+1) 
  
  % calculate the result
  y = H(1:k, 1:k) \ beta(1:k);
  x = x + Q(:, 1:k) * y;
end

%----------------------------------------------------%
%                  Arnoldi Function                  %
%----------------------------------------------------%
function [h, q] = arnoldi(A, Q, k)
  q = A*Q(:,k);   % Krylov Vector
  for i = 1:k     % Modified Gramm-Schmidt, keeping the Hessenberg matrix
    h(i) = q' * Q(:, i);
    q = q - h(i) * Q(:, i);
  end
  h(k + 1) = norm(q);
  q = q / h(k + 1);
end

%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
%                  Applying Givens Rotation to H col                  %
%---------------------------------------------------------------------%
function [h, cs_k, sn_k] = apply_givens_rotation(h, cs, sn, k)
  % apply for ith column
  for i = 1:k-1
    temp   =  cs(i) * h(i) + sn(i) * h(i + 1);
    h(i+1) = -sn(i) * h(i) + cs(i) * h(i + 1);
    h(i)   = temp;
  end

  % update the next sin cos values for rotation
  [cs_k sn_k] = givens_rotation(h(k), h(k + 1));

  % eliminate H(i + 1, i)
  h(k) = cs_k * h(k) + sn_k * h(k + 1);
  h(k + 1) = 0.0;
end

%%----Calculate the Given rotation matrix----%%
function [cs, sn] = givens_rotation(v1, v2)
%  if (v1 == 0)
%    cs = 0;
%    sn = 1;
%  else
    t = sqrt(v1^2 + v2^2);
%    cs = abs(v1) / t;
%    sn = cs * v2 / v1;
    cs = v1 / t;  % see http://www.netlib.org/eispack/comqr.f
    sn = v2 / t;
%  end
end

if (error <= threshold)

  if (combined_error_iter/e_all_iter[0] < tolerance)