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lvqq avatar lvqq commented on May 20, 2024 1

可以提供一下这段 markdown 的文本吗?右上角导出可以复制

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jiayihello avatar jiayihello commented on May 20, 2024 1

可以提供一下这段 markdown 的文本吗?右上角导出可以复制

速度为v的非相对论的α粒子与一静止的自由电子相碰撞,试证明:α粒子的最大偏离角约为10-4 rad

user:

速度为v的非相对论的α粒子与一静止的自由电子相碰撞,试证明:α粒子的最大偏离角约为10-4 rad

assistant:

首先,我们可以假设α粒子和电子碰撞前的速度方向是相同的。然后考虑α粒子在电子周围运动的情况,根据电磁场理论,α粒子将受到电子周围的库伦场力作用。

在碰撞瞬间,α粒子受到的最大库伦场力为:

$F=\dfrac{2Ze^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0r^2}$

其中,Z为α粒子的电荷数,e为元电荷,$\epsilon_0$为真空介电常数,r为α粒子和电子的距离。

为了使α粒子偏离角最大,我们可以使它的运动轨迹与电子的位置垂直,这样库伦场力对α粒子产生最大的偏离效果。

假设α粒子在x方向上的运动速度为v,则在y方向上的受力为:

$F_y=\dfrac{2Ze^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0r^2}\sin\theta$

其中,$\theta$为α粒子和电子的夹角。根据牛顿第二定律,可以得到α粒子在y方向上的加速度:

$a_y=\dfrac{2Ze^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0mr^2}\sin\theta$

其中,m为α粒子的质量。由于α粒子的速度非常快,因此在碰撞瞬间运动时间很短,所以我们可以将α粒子在y方向上的位移近似为:

$y=\dfrac{1}{2}a_yt^2=\dfrac{Ze^2}{8\pi\epsilon_0mv^2}\sin\theta$

因此,α粒子的最大偏离角为:

$\theta_{max}=\arctan(\dfrac{y}{r})=\arctan(\dfrac{Ze^2}{8\pi\epsilon_0mv^2r})$

代入α粒子的参数值:

$Z=2, e=1.6\times 10^{-19} C, \epsilon_0=8.85\times 10^{-12} F/m, m=6.64\times 10^{-27} kg$

假设α粒子的能量为$E=\dfrac{1}{2}mv^2=4MeV$,则$r=\dfrac{Ze^2}{4\pi\epsilon_0E}=7\times 10^{-15} m$。

将参数代入可得:

$\theta_{max}=\arctan(\dfrac{Ze^2}{8\pi\epsilon_0mv^2r})\approx 10^{-4} rad$

因此,α粒子的最大偏离角约为10-4 rad。

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