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《道德经》又称《老子》,是**古代先秦诸子分家前的一部著作,为其时诸子所共仰,传说是春秋时期的老子李耳所撰写,是道家哲学**的重要来源。道德经分上下两篇,原文上篇《德经》、下篇《道经》,不分章,后改为《道经》在前,《德经》在后,并分为81章,全文共约五千字,是**历史上首部完整的哲学著作。《道德经》常会被归属为道教学说。其实哲学上的道家,和宗教上的道教,是不能混为一谈的,但《道德经》作为道教基本教义的重要构成之一,被道教视为重要经典,其作者老子也被道教视为至上的三清尊神之一道德天尊的化身,又称太上老君,所以应该说道教吸纳了道家**,道家**完善了道教。同时,前面所说的哲学,并不能涵括《道德经》(修身立命、治国安邦、出世入世)的全貌。《道德经》提出了“无为而治”的主张,无为而治是道家的基本**,也是其修行的基本方法。作为一种政治原则,“无为”在春秋末期已经出现。儒家也讲“无为而治”,如《论语·卫灵公》:“无为而治者,其舜也与?夫何为哉?恭己正南面而已矣”。朱熹认为“圣人德盛而民化,不待其有所作为也。”实则表达了儒家的德治主张。使“无为而治”系统化而成为理论的是《老子》。他们认为**者的一切作为都会破坏自然秩序,扰乱天下,祸害百姓。要求**者无所作为,效法自然,让百姓自由发展。“无为而治”的理论根据是“道”,现实依据变“乱”为“治”;“无为而治”的主要内容是“为无为”和“无为而无不为”,具体措施是“劝**者少干涉”和“使民众无知无欲”。《道德经》并不像一般人所理解的那样,是一部论述道德的著作。事实上,道德二字各有不同的概念。道德经前三十七章讲道,后四十四章言德,简单说来,道是体,德是用,二者不能等同。

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